The Reciprocating Pump Engineering Essay

The Reciprocating marrow Engineering EssayA center is a robot the like trick which helps to move smooths including fluids or gases. It is basically a hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical cleverness to the hydraulic energy. The hydraulic energy is been present in public figure of the pressure energy. there be versatile oddballs of inwardnesss such as coercive dis airment centres, velocity warmnesss, Buoyancy pumps, Impulse pumps. The heterogeneous different pumps ar as intumesce been sub- classified in various other pumps. Positive Displacement pumps argon one of the most comm only employ pumps. They argon sub-divided in to Reciprocating and roundab extinct pumps. Typical types of the Reciprocating pumps are Plunger pumps and Diaphragm Pumps. The Plunger pump is also kn declare as Piston Pumps. The Reciprocating Pumps are highly efficient pumps which are so far suitable for the actually high heads at low passs. It is a self priming type of pump as it understructure unpack the fluid from the level below the sucking flange if the suction squall is not evacuated. There should be a smooth course postulate for achieving a good efficiency (Chinnuraj, 2009).The complete system is based on the bod of the pump. The head of cylinder is been mounted with suction and go off valves. The fluid enters the pump through the suction valve and goes out threw the polish off valve. In suction stroke, suction valve opens when the plunger retracts. The fluent gets pushes out of the discharge valve in the precedent stroke. Reciprocating system has a pulsating discharge and it totally dep dying on the reanimate of the pump which bed be easily altered. The intake of the fluid in the pump is al ways at a constant mickle. They are lots personad for slurry and sludge. There are various different projects from rest of the pumps. The founding containing single-acting intercommunicate discharges fluid from only one aspect of the plunger . There is only one suction and discharge per transformation of the irritable shaft. The other target is the stunt man-acting plunger design where the suction and the discharge come ons on the either side of the piston resulting in double suction and double discharge per revolution of crack shaft.Classification of PD PumpPositive Displacement pump are been classified as followsPositive Displacement Pump circular Pump single(a) Rotor-Vane -Piston -Flexible -Member Screw-Simplex -Duplex -Triplex - multiple-Simplex -DuplexDouble ActingSingle ActingDiaphragmPiston PlungerReciprocating PumpSimplex MultiplexMulti Rotor-Gear Lobe Circumferential Piston -Screw(Gates, 2010)Working Principle of Reciprocating PumpThe works principle of the Reciprocating pump is very simple it operates on the principle that a volume of liquid would be displaced by solid equal to its own volume. The mechanical energy is been converted in to the pressure energy and takes place due to the suction of the liqui d into the cylinder in which the piston is having a reciprocating exertion (linear motion-threw and fore). This exerts the thrust on the fluid and hydraulic energy gets change magnitude gradually. In single acting reciprocating pumps, a single piston moves forrad and backward in a closed tight cylinder. The linear motion of the piston in the cylinder is been given by connecting piston to the crosspatch with the help of a connecting perch. An electric motor is been used to give motion to the crank and the rotary motion is been converted to the linear motion by the help of the connecting rod. The working principle is somewhat similar to the car engines where the piston has the same movement threw some similar sympathetic of motions. In Reciprocating Pump, the suction valve allows the fluid to enter where as the discharge valve tends to discharge it from the cylinder (Chinnuraj, 2009).http//www.lcresources.com/resources/getstart/pump.gifnumber 01 Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump (Getting Started in HPLC, 2001)Types of Reciprocating PumpsThe Reciprocating Pumps are usually classified as followsDirect or Indirect actingSimplex (single) or duplex (double)Single acting or double acting mellow pressure or low pressureThe direct acting pumps are one of the most common type of pump been used. It is been known so as in the particular design the pump rod is a direct extension of the piston rod in which the lower end is been directly connected to the piston in the cylinder. Single and Double march pumps is as mentioned earlier. Single action has a single suction and a single discharge per revolution and Double action pump has devil suctions and discharges per revolution.ApplicationsReciprocating Pumps have a very large contribution to the society with jam of uses. They are been used for no. of small and large applications including irrigation, chemic movement, sewer movement, flood control and marine applications and even legion(predicate) more. Designing factors like coat and type of pump depends on the usage.They are been used in various purposes such asHigh pressure jets The purpose of pumps used is producing a direct high jet pressure of the fluid. The inlet eat is at a constant take to the woods and pressure but the discharge at a high velocity and therefore results to high heart of pressure.Chemical Injection The Reciprocating Pumps are even used in the chemical industry where they need to inject the chemical in a original flow or pressure. It is been used at very high exact and accuracyIrrigation The pump is usually used in farms and gardens to distribute peeing throughout equally and automatically without any sort of manual efforts.sewer movement The pump are been used to move the slurry or cloaca material in a very easy and automatic way. The primary(prenominal) advantage is the time constraint. It takes very less time as closely as it is very cheap compared to other techniques.Marine application The abundant amou nt of usage is being the marine sector where they need to use water movement from one part to other through a pump. The pump is very easy and compact source of product which can be installed very easily and without any tutelage in future. In marine field pump is used forLubricating oil transfer open fire oil transferAuxiliary circulating and condensate.Domestic uses Reciprocating pump is even used as domestic purposes. In olden days it was very common to use a hand pump which was a type of reciprocating pump with help of which we can pull the underground water for various purposes such as home usage, irrigation, construction, small scale industry and many more.Discharge and Pressure CharacteristicsThe working principle and the characteristic is been keenly detect earlier. It is been very easy to analyse the discharge and pressure constraints of reciprocating pumps. The discharge of the reciprocating pump is not uniform and stable. The discharge characteristic depends on notch flow of fluidFluid assiduousnessSpeed of reciprocating pistonPump size and designThe discharge is completely non-uniform and throttling. The pulsating property of the discharge fluid is seen. This is because the piston moves at a high velocity hitting the fluid out wards and the hitting of the piston is not a continuous act which can give a uniform pressure outlet. Despite of vital use, the reciprocating pump calm down encounter pulsating pressure which is been seen at the suction and discharge lines. This pulsating give is result of the interaction between unstable flow of fluid and the high- male monarched characteristics of the fluid particles. Pressure pulsating in the suction line can demand to the cavitation, either in the line itself or in the cylinder chamber. If cavitation is been see at the start of the piston stroke than the piston loading and the crank assembly can fail. Because of all this factors it reduces the life of the pump and also affects the recourse conditio ns (K A Edge, 1997)Pump Performance and EfficiencyThe head of flow against which the pump works is called total head, H. The total head of the pump is the energy imparted to the liquid by the pump.H = hd hgTherefore, the effective head of a pump is expressed by the following equationH = Equation 1 (Sorensen, 1969)This design principle of the pump work similarly as that of the turbines. The energy of supplied to the pump by the rotating shaft to move the piston inside the cylinder, in terms of bhpEnergy, e = =The capacity of the pump is proportional to its displacement reaction per whole time, D. Assuming 100% of the hydraulic efficiency of the pump, the displacement of the pump is calculated. The displacement is the calculated capacity of pump which is proportional toCross-sectional area of piston, ALength of the stroke, SNo. of cylinders, nPump speed in rpm (gallons per minute)D = (A - S - n - rpm) / 231In case of double acting pumps, the cross sectional area is twice to be tak en in to account from which the cross sectional area of piston rod (a) is subtracted.In double acting pumps, D = ((2A a) - S - n - rpm) / 231The volumetrical efficiency of the pump is expresses in terms of percentage. It is directly proportional to the ratio of the total discharge volume to piston displacement.The ratio (r) is equal to (c + d)/d whereD = volume displaced by pistonC = Additional volume between the discharge and suction valves.So it is clearly seen that smaller the ratio, the volumetric efficiency is tend to be better. Mathematically it is expressed asVE = 1 (P - b - r ) SWhere P is pressureB is the liquid compressibility factorR is volume ratioS is the slip. (Joe Evans, 2004)losings in Reciprocating PumpThere are various losses which are been encountered in the pump such asFrictional lossesHead lossesHeat transfer lossesThe various losses occur due to the friction and the movement of the fluid. It depends on the head flow of fluid, density of the fluid, piston s peed and the fluid suction capacity as well as discharge. There are lots of constraints been involved here, but it just can be minimised but not 100% avoided.AdvantagesEasy in workingInexpensiveCompact and Easy to installLow maintenanceWorks at high speed and at low powerDisadvantagesThe major disadvantage of the reciprocating pump is that it has a discontinuous discharge flow which with variable pressure and hence it adversely affects the potential of the pump usage. There are various techniques been used to minimise the pulsating feature but it still tend to create problems. There are some technical ways used to minimise it by using sensors or throttle valves which keeps the discharge pressure uniform, but it does affect the overall flow and creates a kind of friction to the overall discharge pressure.Secondly, it has a disadvantage that it is prone to flow separation at the lowest pressure point in the system. The design of the system is such that this problem would be there and cannot be solved. The various different tries and practical experiments to minimise it would not work till the design is not thoroughly changed. In spite of all this disadvantages it is still a very useful product and widely used.

An Analysis Of The Company Virgin Marketing Essay

An abbreviation Of The association virgin merchandise Essay virtuous Atlantic, the UKs second largest long induce air lane, ope prescribes a fleet of 38 aircraft to 30 destinations in Africa, Asia, Middle East, Indian Ocean, North America, the Caribbean and Australia. In a deal which was finalized in 2000, Branson interchange 49% stake of gross(a) Atlantic to Singapore Airlines for 600.25 million to form a unique global componentnership. Richard Branson is still the controlling authority as he retains 51% stake in the air duct.This essay decomposes the chief internal and extraneous factors that contri barelye to the success of the governance as well as digest a critical sagaciousness on the effectiveness of the strategies employed. It further discusses a couple of strategic options that are operable to the sodding(a) throng for the succeeding(a) five years with reference to appropriate academic models and concepts.(Source http//www.virgin-atlantic.com/tridion/imag es/student readingkitmarch2009_tcm4-622791.pdf)Internal Analysis Of consummate(a) AtlanticIn aver to understand the strategies, it is important to analyse the internal milieu of the organisation. Internal analytic thinking is make by direction of the value chain of the Virgin Atlantic. look upon Chain AnalysisPorters (1990) Value chain frame spring is an interdependent model that helps to analyse specific activities by which an organisation tin green goddess create value and gain hawkish gain. (Pathania-Jain, 2001). To contend the value chain analysis, the company is split into primary activities (those that are link with production) and support activities (those that provide the background necessary for effectiveness and cleverness of the loyal identical human resources management) (Porter, 1985). These activates are discussed to a abjecter placePrimary activities1. Inbound and outward logisticsIn Inbound logistics, the key activities are those associated receivin g the raw materials from suppliers and managing them at bottom the firm. These activities includes bloodline Control (storing and managing fuel, snacks, food and drinks.), passenger gain system, facilities preparation and so forth(Fig. 1.1). It provides ample of facilities to its guests, it gives election of three entrees with main meal, free drinks, an amenity kit for outbound journey, panegyric crudespaper publisher of passengers choice. The facilities keeps on increasing if you move from economy to upper class. The wellborn passenger gets limo service to travel to airport where check in formalities are already completed before they check in hotel style lobby area and through a dedicated auspices area exclusively for virgin flight path guests. The upper-class UK passengers gets a complimentary airport transfer in chauffeur driven Volvo or Virgin Limo bicycle which makes thither outbound logistics quiet impressing to clients.(Source http//www.virgin-atlantic.com/trid ion/images/studentinformationkitmarch2009_tcm4-622791.pdf http//www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/ eachaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jspoperation)OperationsVirgin Atlantic is the second largest long haul airline in the UK and the third largest European carrier over the North Atlantic. It operates to many an young(prenominal)(prenominal) of the top destinations around the public including destinations in the Caribbean, US, India, Far east and Africa. It has win many awards almost in most categories that travel patience offers.3. marting and SalesVirgin Atlantic uses a wide range of foodstuffing techniques. Advertising activity includes magazines, TV, taxi sides press, outdoor posters and direct mail. besides promotional schemes plays life-sustaining role during traditionally low seasons. To encourage loyalty, Virgin Atlantic offers flying club fellow membership where in members gets free miles that can be exchanged for free flights and other rewards. In addition, Virgin Atlantic to a fault advertises through travel agents and runs wide range of promotional schemes, offers trade incentive, organises trips and genial/educational events.The website (www.virgin.com/atlantic) in addition plays vital role as it offers full electronic booking, give information on destination, informs mileage balance to members and different promotional schemes.(Source http//www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jspoperation)3.ServiceVirgin Atlantic has won numerous awards for its service and claims to set up b happen standards of service by pioneering range of innovations. For example, with wonder to comfort during journey, its upper-class suite has longest and most comfortable humdrum bed and seat in airline industry for which alone it won twelve awards. For travelling from airport, virgin Atlantic offers limousine service and Bike service to its customers.Support activitiesFirm InfrastructureIt includes planning and control systems, much(prenominal) as corporate outline, accounting and finance. (Lynch, 2003). Virgin Atlantic expends heavily on technological upshots and infrastructure. The Finance department analyse the expenses ascribable and financial cause of the group and accordingly plans the expenses necessary for developing of organisation.2. Human Resource counselVirgin Atlantic recruit people by means of new(a)spaper advertisements and through its website. Existing staff can also recommend and constitute incentive through the same. Virgin Atlantic gives initiative training to its employees and develops their employees from judgment of conviction to time by organising educational events. in like manner they recruit and train people with sign language skill to facilitate to disable passengers3.Technology ontogenesisVirgin Atlantic non lonesome(prenominal) considers technological organic evolutions as vital for maketh but also spends a lot on it. It has award agreeable in-flight entertainment system, travel seats and beds designed to give extra comfort. Also it is continuously working on innovative aircraft design and technological solution to clip carbon emission4. ProcurementVirgin Atlantic has an efficacious procurement department, which obtains quality goods and service at lowest impairment so that the passengers can avail these world-class facilities at competitive prices. The department takes advantage of large operations of and thus achieve economies of scale. The department also interacts with a number of organisations that provide handling services at airports, Including baggage handling, refuelling, maintenance, scrubbed services and security. These services are offered by a number of companies and can help in reducing costs.(Source http//www.virgin-atlantic.com/tridion/images/studentinformationkitmarch2009_tcm4-622791.pdf http//www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jspoperation)External analysis of Virgin AtlanticTo have a grasp of the exist ing market as well as consumer and stakeholder perception, an awareness of external factors is essential. This section pass oning highlight the position that Virgin Atlantic holds with respect to competitors, social perception, etc.PESTEL AnalysisAn organisations phone line environment is invariably governed by external factors which can be broadly analysed as Political, economicalal, Social and Technological factors. To gain an advantage in the present and future market the organisation needs to reduce inefficiency and retain cost effectiveness (Grant, 2005). As Virgin Atlantic operates within Europe, North America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, these factors differ to a certain degree and the manner in which competitors, political bodies and social groups react and respond to the sword has to be evaluate with some care.Political and Legal factorsAs Virgin Atlantic operates across the globe, it has to adapt its practices to suite home(a) and international laws as well as domest ic aviation rules and regulations. The manner in which competitors react to new market shares may also involve political influences. When the United Kingdom unfastened Heathrow Airport to Virgin, thereby abolishing the London Air Traffic Distribution Rules, furious the chairman of British Airways and lead to BAA donations to the Conservative Party organism halted. Virgin also incurred the wrath of Lord King when two refreshed slots held by BAA at Tokyo Narita International Airport were awarded to the airlines (BAA, 2009).Economic factorsIt must be stated that the brief financial crisis of the early mid-nineties forced the then Conservative British government to open Heathrow to Virgin despite opposition from BAA. This shows how external economic conditions can sometimes be favourable to a rising organisation in grabbing a until now in glide slopeible monopolised market. One of the main economic factors that affect the airline industry in general is the fuel hike. Conrady (2009) notes that the low cost fuel prices provided to the UK airline industry has greatly assisted in it escaping the fate of many of its European counterparts.Social factorsThe social perception and acceptance of a brand is of vital importance to any organisation and Virgin Atlantic has managed to do that in a relatively short period. Virgin Atlantic has been vying for the position to instill in the British public the brand image of a national and international organisation. When British Airways announced in 1997 that it will remove the wedlock Flag from its tailfins in favour of more than international images, Virgin was loyal to introduce the Union flag prominently in its winglets and noses with the tagline Britains Flag attack aircraft carrier thereby challenging BAs traditional role as UKs Flag Carrier.The training of its staff is also a major issue and is vital in gaining stakeholders and achieving stakeholder targets (Nadal, 2009). The service staff need to have proper trainin g to conglomerate the high standards of service which is expected of it by the consumers as a assay-mark of the airline industry.Technological factorsAs an industry that heavily relies on technology, the technological factor is the most essential factor in improving efficiency in the longer term. Virgin has managed to introduce more than 700 next generation aeroplanes, which provides a marking contrast to most of its competitors. According to Briggs and Burke (2009) this also minimises maintenance and training costs in the long run. Virgins initiative to focalize on providing online service will also have a marked benefit as more and more consumers are creation introduced into the beingness Wide Web on a daily basis. Consumers are thereby allowed to get up-to-date information regarding flight schedules and compare airline prices.environmental factorsEnvironmental concerns have also been a frequent issue as the airline industry is notorious as a major polluter. many an(prenomin al) campaigns have tried to befriend or at least calm down the environmental lobbies but more effort must be allot into projecting the image of an organisation that is doing its bit for the environment. Virgin has tensioned on informing consumers about the CO2 pollution before each flight. The transaction free bags are now composed of a significant ratio of recyclable material in compliance with the Ministry of Agriculture (Wheeler and Elkington, 2001).Critical assessment of the virgin Atlantics strategiesThe above-defined analysis conforms the dodging of Virgin Atlantic as being excellent service provider, it makes its path by providing distinct service. The corporate dodging of the organisation is to provide world-class service at a competitive price. The companys strategy is well supported by statement of Porter (1996), which says that kill the same activities in a different way than that of traditional competitors helps in achieving better position in sustainable manner. The company enters oligopoly market where customer usually receives poor deal and there is a scope of acquiring market by giving better services.To raise awareness of their products and services and new routes, Virgin Atlantic advertises through TV, press, magazines etc. Another strategy that organisation use is to make customers loyal by making them member of there flying club . The flying club offers numerous world-class facilities which will not only help in satisfying the customer but also gaining customer loyalty. The more customers travel through them, the more miles they get which can be exchanged with free flight and other rewards. They also get special support service and clubhouse access.Also during traditional low seasons, tactical promotions and price advertising are done to a large extent to maximize the aircraft capacity. In addition to all these, Virgin Atlantic also market through travel agents by offering them familiarisation trips, trade incentives.(Source https// www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/gb/frequentflyer/index.jsp http//www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jsp) long suit of strategies chosenSWOT AnalysisAccording to Johnson (2005) SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) is a utilizable tool to examine financial accounts and developing healthy work environment of a company. It is a major step towards any strategic planning in a lineage. It is considered to be very important source of information for judging and understanding any sort of situations in the organisation. Given below is the SWOT analysis for Virgin Atlantic.StrengthsVirgin Atlantic is stagequartered in unsophisticated where competition is enhanced and tolerated due to deregulationThe virgin Atlantic has the head office in the country where the contest is heightened and tolerated due to the deregulation, which means the business is managed without the aid of following government restriction. The important feature of the Virgin Atlanti c is the collaboration with Singapore airlines that made them one of the ruff airlines in the world. This has proved to be advantageous for virgin in many ways like huge market access, restructuring, converging technology to develop new one, gaining familiarity and extending supply etc.The strength of the Virgin group perhaps, is its importance to best customer service and innovation combined with brand name gives a big advantage to Virgin Atlantic. Virgin believes in creativity, adding its importance to customer service and innovation with the brand name virgin proves out to be the biggest strength of Virgin Atlantic. Its has introduced many starts in the business like first to launch entertainment systems, onboard bars which increased social activities in-flight, providing complimentary limousines services, beauty treatments in-flight. It further introduced business economy cabin. It also has a website that dedicated to what a customer can expect from the airline and all othe r decisive details of interest.Virgin has a powerful e-business structure that makes communications simpler and easier with the customers. They continually measure the performance delivered by each crewmember on flights. An additional join to their cap is the exceptional service tin providing assistance to disabled/visually-impaired passengers. It not only helped in earning good reputation but also winning EASE award consecutive four years.(Sourcehttp//www.virgin-Atlantic.com/en/gb/whatsonboard/index.jsphttp//www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/history.jsp)WeaknessesThe major drawback Virgin Atlantic faces is trammel market grasp as unlike other major international airlines. It operates in limited countries only like UK, Caribbean, South Africa, India, Australia, and USThe companies reach in economy sharing is limited hence it is not able to enjoy the benefits of formula sharing which the members of jumper cable Global alliance are able to do such as lack of tr ansferable priority status, lack of unseamed travel, lack of enhanced frequent-flier program benefits, limited extended lounge access and lack of greater network access. This is because Virgin Atlantic is not part of any leading global alliances.(Source http//www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jsp)OpportunitiesVirgin Atlantic is one of the few airline companies operating successfully in African countries, gradual liberalisation in UK/south African market leading to 53% rise in flights and 62% increase in passengers. The business has increased incredibly.There are few more cities, which can be considered for hospitality service based on the smooth record of the airline. or so of the very well known and large airlines have experienced nonstarter in recent times providing them a great opportunity. Also the European Union is on their side providing to a be great support. breathing out forward, Virgin still have a great scope to grow in African market as only the British and African airways in dominating the continent and virgin comes at third position. It should reduce on increasing the market share in Africa. Another opportunity available with Virgin Atlantic is deplumateing customers by aggressively promoting the clubhouse facilities and entryway of its latest Heathrow clubhouse. The number of tourist coming to UK is increasing day by day which is an opportunities available to them but in competitive environment, its quiet big but strategic and aggressive marketing can make it possible. ThreatsThe certain situation all over the world has lead to increase in competition so there is high possibility of threat due to competitiveness in the market which in turn creates pressure to prolong continuous profit. This would in turn lead to forceful alliances, mergers and acquisitions which might not be in the interest of the company. Other issue of concern is alteration of passengers on the aircraft. Other threat may be the legislations i.e. changing policies and rules by government in the country where Virgin Atlantic operates. This may lag the operations and business of the company. Another major threat is emergence of new airlines, which can increase competition. Also if new airlines or existing competitors exact Virgin Atlantics concept and structure, it will be a major threat to the companyStrategic options for Virgin mediaAnsoff MatrixThe Ansoff ground substance (Ansoff, 1957) invented by Igor Ansoff who is also known as father of Strategic Management and was first published in Harvard business review in 1957. It presents the product and market choices available to an organization. In this markets may be defined as customers and products as items sold to customers (Lynch, 2003).Main aspects of Ansoff AnalysisThe Ansoff matrix provides the basis for an organizations accusative setting handle and sets the foundation of directional policy for its future (Bennett, 1994). The four strategies entailed in th e matrix are elaborated below.Ansoff Product-Market Growth Matrix(Ansoff, 1957)Market PenetrationIt occurs when an organisation accesses a market with its recent services products. The market penetration strategy begins with the existing customers of the organization. This strategy is often use by companies in order to increase sales without wandering from the original strategy of product-market. (Ansoff, 1957).Product DevelopmentFirm develops new products catering to the same market. This strategy refers to the significant new instruction of products not just minor changes to the existing products (Lynch, 2003).Market developmentIn this particular strategy, a company moves beyond its existing customer base in search of new customers for its existing products and services. This strategy involves look for of new segment of a market, searching of new area to attract new customers, different/new use of products and services. (Lynch, 2003).Another good strategy that comes under marke t development is selling existing products in new international markets. (for example British firms can consider of selling there products in complete European markets).DiversificationLevitt (1983) rightly whispered that world these days is becoming common market and people no liaison where they live are demanding similar product and lifestyle. There has been a abundant raise in international trade because of globalisation and liberalization. Diversification strategy essentially involves movement of current products and services in new markets (Lynch, 2003 Macmillan et al, 2000). either four strategic options defined above in the Ansoffs model bears risk element with them. Although Market penetration is often considered as a low risk strategy but diversification is considered as a uncollectible growth strategy as it involves huge investment that increases due to concurrently movement into new products and new markets. When applied to Virgin Atlantic, this model results in to two vital strategic options available. Product development strategy and the Market development strategy, to become the most successful organization Virgin Atlantic should follow both of them.The product development strategy suggested through Ansoffs matrix can be a very good strategy for Virgin Atlantic because of the type of customer base, the company possess. The company has good customer base of upper class families and corporate tycoons. If the company introduce new products or sub products, they can market it to these existing customers. The company should focus on strengthening the relationship with existing clients often known as Relationship marketing. One of the ways to achieve it is being in contact lens with them, giving them special offers, and at times offering them concession. If they are disposed(p) special facilities and excellent services then it will develop brand loyalty in them.Another option available with Virgin Atlantic is market development strategy which invo lves search of additional geographical regions and additional market segment. If we compare the flights/services offered by Virgin Atlantic with British airlines, there is a large gap. Although Virgin Atlantic is UKs second largest airline but it operates flights to only 26 major destinations whereas against BA has flights to more than cl odd destinations. Virgin Atlantic should increase the number of destinations, which can be done by and by carefully analysing the facts and figures about the population, operations, flights of competitors etc.Also Virgin Atlantic group should focus on developing country (Asia Pacific Region) as the growth prospects ate higher than developed countries. China and India are two developing countries with highest population and expected compounded growth rate in this region in 2007-2012 will be 5.2%. The manufacturing cost is comparatively low in these countries making them attractive destination for business. Also it will be a sound decision to outso urce operational work to these countries.Virgin Atlantic is famous for luxurious flights as it offers world-class facilities to their passengers but in this competitive environment they are not offering anything price conscious economy class passengers. They should introduce no frills flight with the objective of earning profits on economy of scales. With this strategy they will not only diversify their risk but can potentially capture a new segment using their brand name and service.ConclusionTo conclude, after analysing internal and external factors of the Virgin Atlantic, it has been observed that Virgin group has adult massively and became world-class brand following the path of virgin group but it is still in path as there is a massive scope of growth which can be realised by combination of two strategies. They are product development and market development and market development. If used appropriately, they can help Virgin Atlantic to

Business Strategies Between Regionalisation And Globalisation Commerce Essay

Business Strategies Between Regionalisation And globalization Commerce EssayThe global market is a tough clod to crack. A company or an government activity must be agonistic enough in h whollyow to penetrate this market. Todays disputation for line of products success has endlessly been a battle. Its a battle on who leave alone be the best, a battle that the end winner testament be date by the governments ability to compete against early(a) competitors. Competition is care a bottle neck road, who ever goes in commencement etern in ally shit the advantage against the new(prenominal). Because the domestic and worldwide market undergoes a never expiry phase, an shaping must be capable to adapt to these constant changes. A companys efficacy to change should be given consideration. Discrepancy betwixt an organisation capacity and the demands of its customers results in an inefficiency, either in under-utilised company resources or unsuccessful customers. Maybe, to the highest degree of the organisations today want to initiate a focal point organisation and strategy that could maintain the organisations capability, strength and competitiveness. And this is important for the management teams and the organisations per se that they would always be open minded for changes that they might encounter in put in to cope and adapt to the latest uprisement that atomic number 18 happening inside and outside their environment. Businesses atomic number 18 continuously evolving just to maintain progress and be competitive. However, being competitive in international strain firmament should adapt to the imaginations in international cargon such as globalisation and personaalisation. globalisation and regionalisation are concepts known in international trade and businesses. These concepts are always attached in describing transactions d wholeness in international business arena. Basically, this paper, will be assessing the paper of Pr clear u p (2002) entitled Business unit strategies between regionalisation and globalisation. In his paper, Proff, (2002) argued that Regionalisation do non actually opposed the concept of Globalisation. Regionalisation does non create or build blocks towards globalisations. From the results of his assessment using the so-called clump analysis, he justified that Regionalisation especially to those outside the triad-markets was actually creating a racetrack towards grasping the idea of Globalisation- an open regionalisation.AssessmentFrom the presentation of Proff (2002), he identifies that globalisation has lowered trade barriers in unlike economies making it easier for enthronements to flow crossways markets. Through benefiting from involvement in other economies the flow of capital from one economy to another intensified. Access to raw materials and resources, cost savings from menacing labour and operating costs, and expansion to other markets prove the benefit for investors when savory in foreign investments. Basically, globalisation and trade reform are impute with improved income reaping and poverty reduction in much of development world. Empirical evidence points to the growth-inducing effects of open economies, where long term growth is like the rising tide, lifting all the boats, including those of the poor. Reality, however, is often more complicated. As depict in the paper of Proff (2002), more organisations especially to those outside the triad-market see not reaped the perceived benefit of globalisation further multifariousnessa considering the advantage of regionalisation.Apparently, regionalisation via rank and file to trade organisations as shown in the paper of Proff (2002) and market integration has as well made international trade appealing. As describe, the concept of regionalisation establishes long-term interests with expectations of postgraduate returns on investment. Furthermore, national governments who lost control of the traditional means of promoting local anaesthetic competitiveness by lowering trade barriers and exchange rate policies pass water allowed competitiveness to diminish in importance. Basically, governments turned to consider international trade as a means of improving their economies which was actually seen and based from the purview of investors and recipient firms and economies.Actually, regionalisation bear be characterized process on the regional dress with the assistance of governments. These regional consideration shows to be the express result of governmental exploits initiating regional trade administrations and making deeper assimilation of detach economies on the regional height. Regionalisation is a fresh occurrence. As described by Proff (2002) in his paper, regionalisation conforms to the intensification of investment and intra-regional trade, each suggest a procedure of deeper behind-the-border industrial incorporation. Within this physical body of regionalising ec onomies liberalisation is seen as a power that assists in guiding the quite a little and economies resources into actions where they are most expected to stand out. In basic assumptions, regionalisation materialises as a power that alleviates the outcomes of globalisation by pooling governmental policies and too pays off for the loss of national policy sovereignty. But as justified in the paper of Proff (2002), regionalisation does not actually alleviate the outcomes of globalisation but instead it guides the organisation to grasp globalisation process. This creates regionalisation as a training reason or an arena for an organisation to learn the context of globalisation yet though the organisation was outside the triad-market.Basically, the ideal of region as an arena for the development of eruditeness organisation is a complex concept. Relatively few cases of actual development are thoroughly researched, and most of the research make on the culture region in general does n ot think on work organisation. What rear end be seen, however, from the cases that have been made subordinate to research, is that although one may talk about regions they are much little than the configurations generally associated with this printing.There is a need either for a multi-level notion of region or for another concept that can cover units that can function as a context for the development of schooling organisation. So far, the concept of learning region may be the best natural selection since it indicates that not any region falls under the concept but only regions that fulfil certain requirements. Another possibility is territory, but this concept may be seen as somewhat too geographical. On the other hand, it may not be a need for a crisply featured concept. The units that seem best able to promote learning organisation may be seen as end points on a graduated table where most real situations will occur in between they will have some element of learning regio n but not all and will show variations in their ability to promote learning organisation. At the moment, the notion of learning region functions first and first through and through its ability to draw attention to the need for a democratic order with the ability to generate trust as the core cause for learning organisation. It is even possible to turn back to some of the historical cases and rede them in the light of this point.As justified in the paper of Proff (2002), the notion of regionalisation was actually a good training ground or learning arena for considering the idea of globalisation. The internationally most well known use of systematic efforts to promote learning oriented forms in a expectant industrial corporation may be the Swedish automobile manufacturing business Volvo, a development that occurred during the two decades when Gyllenhammar was chief executive (Graehl, S., Fiumlchtner, Rentz, 2002). With its some plants and numerous managerial hierarchies and exp ert separates, its co-operation with unions and employees and its broad use of research and consultants, Volvo fulfilled many of the characteristics of a learning region (Graehl, S., Fiumlchtner, Rentz, 2002). In line with the single company, however, the efforts to head this kind of development came to an end with the retirement of Gyllenhammar. In most cases management driven change lasts for much shorter periods of time. With placing the learning region in point the intention is, consequently, not only to introduce a new indite point for organisation development in addition to the individual initiative or for that matter units within each enterprise, such as groups or departments but also to point at the shortcomings of some of the established ones.Basically, Graehl, S., Fiumlchtner, Rentz, (2002) argued that the kind of drift towards regionalisation indicated above can be se seen as an specimen of a tendency that has acquired major proportions on the international scen e in some form or other regionalisation occurs in major separate of the world today. Against this background it is important to emphasise that this kind of process occurs for many different reasons and that the reasons underlying the above examples are only some of those that are operative within this area. It is also important to emphasise that far from all processes towards regionalisation have anything to do with work organisation. Furthermore, the reasons are not new in the sense that they have been emerging only in recent years. When the front end towards learning oriented forms of work organisation started with field experiments and other cases, a process of bottom-up learning was introduced and the challenges posed by such a process are dominating the agenda today as in the period immediately after the first experimental changes. What differs is first and foremost the view on how bottom-up learning can take place. For a long time the idea that single cases could be abstracte d from their contexts and let a basis directly for learning processes involving many organisations was maintained. Actually, what happens today is first and foremost a break with these perspectives to instead build the learning processes bottom-up without shortcuts.What this implies varies, between countries and even regions. New demands are placed on all the actors involved and how well they are met today and will be met in the future differs as well. One of the challenges is to handle the notion of learning region as an evolutionary phenomenon, often emerging from a smaller group of actors, growing through network formations and eventually including political-administrative actors. From this platform the growth can continue into formations where several units join each other to form broader regions. quick-frozen boundaries and given administrative dividing lines will block this kind of development. Learning regions will have to be defined according to the learning process and th is has in itself fluid boundaries.From this assessment, it is evident that business operations across national borders are becoming the trend in the current era. And this trend continuously grows because of globalisation and regionalisation. In response to this globalisation and regionalisation issues, multinational corporations tend operate in other countries to have excellent advantage. According to Amponsah (2001), globalisation or regionalisation whether it is in or out the triad-market but the eagerness of a certain business organisation to operate across borders was there it always involves two balance i.e. change in economic operations of various countries, and change in the participants of global economic operations.ConclusionIn the development of globalisation and regionalisation are closely related and often interact. Of course, one could argue that the marketin other words, impressive competitionshould be the sole determinant of providers attitudes toward customers, in particular the services to be supplied and to whom and in what quantity. Then, a situation would develop where only competition political science intervene, because the sectoral regulator would have disappeared from the scene. From the previous discussion, regionalisation in accordance to organisations competitiveness continues to be regarded as a major element of economic reforms in most countries. In the majority of developing countries, it is an important component of the structural adaptation package sponsored by multilateral institutions. It has become geographically more general and has increasingly involved the telecommunications, energy and water sectors. Foreign investment cerebrate to liberalisation has also become more prominent in developing countries. However, while regionalisation can bring about benefits under certain conditions, stir of ownership is by no means a sufficient condition for improved process of firms and setting off economic growth. In other words, if regionalisation with respect to competitiveness is to benefit the organisations, the challenges facing these organisations have to be mightily identified so as to protest policy makers and the necessary actions have to be taken to overcome them.In addition, the governments must regularly inform the populace about the goals of competitiveness and regionalisation and explain how achieving these goals benefit their citizens and nations. Governments must also carefully analyse the political impediments to investment liberalisation and must develop plans to eliminate them. Introducing more market competition and effective invoke standard may be crucial in ensuring that economic performance improves. In addition, a wider range of institutional issues, including improving political, legal, management and financial capacity within organisations will affect the impact of regionalisation on performance when regionalisation occurs in organisations outside the triad-market.With respect to globalisation, liberalisation and openness should be promoted which will in turn promote market discipline, competition, better corporate governance and public accountability. Disciplined and prudential regulations should be introduced in the financial sector where incomplete liberalisation has taken place. This can help prevent the continuation of state directed credit to funds, which often lead to misallocation of resources.In conclusion, the development of globalisation or even regionalisation seems several obstacles challenges which all have to be meek by countries governments before substantial benefits can be realised. It is worth noting that competition law can improve economic performance but performance improvement heavily relies also on other structural reforms like liberalisation and regulation and the ability of developing countries to overcome the numerous challenges that they face during the investment liberalisation process.From here, the different strategies i n different markets especially to those considering the international market helped the organisation have an initial feel of the different markets. The different strategies also helped the organisation have a better understanding of how the market works. The different markets help in introducing to the organisation the cultures and characteristics of the markets thus it became educated with how to castigate in the different setting. Lastly, the different strategies helped in making sure that the organisation encounters lesser problems while starting up a new market. By using different strategies with proper consideration towards globalisation and regionalisation, the organisation has not committed anything that will give it more problems.

Quality and trust in workplace

gauge and cuss in moveplaceINTRODUCTION- self-assertion-Trust means confidence that others action be consistent with their words that the heap with whom you work atomic number 18 concerned ab step forward your welf be and interests apart from what you buttocks do for them, the skills you name developed be respected and valued by co-workers and the system.Trust is found in three characteristics of body of work relationships-Trust grows turn out of the ability to perceive others as credible that what they say is true and their actions are consistent.Trust also grows out of a sense that one completelyow for be treated fairly by others.Trust also depends on how much employees experience respect through support provided for professional growth, the inclusion of employees ideas in decision making and through care both at bottom the workplace and life.Trust in organizational strategies and top man growment is the some critical component in creating commitment towards a comm on goal. aged leaders need to place a eminent value on integrity and charge and then communicate that value to all associates. rouge factors in building trustThe five critical areas that directly doctor the level of trust people have in their organization are-The organization vision.The organization values.The compensation system.The work environment.Personnel decision.Management advisor Jack R Gibbs explains that distrust in people are likely to occur whenTop management is feared.Excessive pressure is placed on people.Sales are low.The vision of caller is un go by.QUALITY The organization should work in order to assure senior high school timbre of management and leaders in all parts of the organization. To work methodically in improving Management Quality all links must hold, in the presbyopic chain from management indemnity, through management system, programs and processes, all the way out to the individual employee. This kind of quality assurance of management requires a get laid and consistent structure or model, and it must be possible to rate present status and improvements Over the past few years, employees have increase their focus on organizational characteristics that enhance employee work experiences and assist employees in balancing their jobs and individualized lives. This focus on workplace quality has sire significant enough for business press publications such as sight and Working Mother to publish one-year lists of companies that excel in creating a high quality of work life for their employees.. Fulmer et al. (2003) argue that employee attitudes affect behaviors and their performance. They argue further that employee attitudes can influence workplace quality through the regard and retention of good employees. They argue that if employee attitudes resulting from high workplace quality assert a sustainable agonistic advantage, then listed firms should exhibit develop fiscal performance than do non listed firms. There is so me evidence that companies successful in creating positive employee attitudes about their workplace possess a valuable competitive advantage, which leads to improved operating and market performance. A high Management Quality is characterized by the followingOur organization has updated and documented mission statements, vision and strategies.Our policy describes how we wish to relate to our employees.Participation and a high degree of emancipation are corner-stones of our management system.Everyone regards himself as owner of their personal objectives and the organizations vision and objectives.We back up open communication.Our policy describes how we work in order to ensure leaders of high quality in all places.We create good opportunities for our managers to be highly motivated in their task.We phase out leaders who are inadequate in their jobs.INRODUCTION OF ORGANISATION-INFOSIS An Infosys technology is founded in 1981 in India. soon Infosys has over 58000 employees worldwi de and have over $2 billion annual tax income. Infosys shortly has over 15000 parcel developers working on projects with Microsoft technologies. Infosys BPO Ltd. is one of the hurried and leading BPO solution providers in the world. Having Infosys Technologies Ltd. as its parent company, it boasts of best-in-class systems and processes and financial efficiency and stability. The company started its operations in 2002 and has received numerous awards and citations such as 10th among 50 Best Managed Vendors in the Black Book of Outsourcing, 2006 fifth among 35 Rising Stars in The Global Outsourcing 100 of the International crosstie of Outsourcing Professionals, 2006. Infosys won the Outsourcing Institute and Vantage Partners commencement exercise-ever node relationship management award. Infosys is more and more focusing on value-based pricing models for its offerings.QUALITY AT INFOSYS-Infosys follows the best software engineering practices. Infosys is CMMI-5 certified but for a formal process point certification their CMMI level appears to be an outcome of what they actually practice.Infosys doubles it revenue both 2 years, reaching $ 2 billion in 2006.Company currently trains 4500 new recruits every 14 weeks at its own training campus in Mysore.Companys campus at Bangalore was magnificent. The 50 buildings were a glass pyramid shaped multimedia system facility housing, a large dome shaped library, sports centers, refectories futuristic electrical cars are drug abused for visitors.INFOSYS WINS TELSTRA AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE IN QUALITY IN 2005Infosys is the first IT Company to receive Telstra award for excellence in quality from over 11000 vendors. Telstra assessed Infosys against its other suppliers and determined it as the winner based on a rigorous appraisal of its quality and ongoing commitment to growth viable solutions and providing Telstra customer with better value. swear INFOSYS Trust is the foundation of all successful social relationship s, both personal and business. Trust is the confidence or belief a person feels toward a particular person or group. Trust is, therefore, one of the primary binding forces in any interpersonal relationship. Trust is present in Infosys strategies and among the employees.1-Infosys organizational vision is clear Infosys vision is attainable and does not ignore the role that individuals play in achieving the organizational goals.2-The work environment in Infosys is very good.3-Infosys values- Values are beliefs or convictions that guide behavior,Support the boilers suit organizational vision.Typical values in Infosys include-Exceeding customer needs, engagement, and innovation.4-Infosys compensation system is good.LITERATURE REVIEWWELL-BEING AND TRUST IN piece of work-The research on well-being and trust in workplace is done by John F Helliwell and Huang-They say that they were the first to know of to provide Income -equivalent values for workplace trust. The estimated values of trust in the workplaces are very large, and remain so even when we make a number of adjustments designed to remove risks of over-estimation. Our workplace trust results are separately estimated from two Canadian and one US survey using unalike samples and different question wordings. That all three surveys should show such systematically large effects convinces us of the robustness of our results. In this paper we have built on Subsequent extensions by Helliwell, Huang and Putnam (2009).2-TRUST IN WORKPLACE-Research is done by Robert W Rogers President, DDI. And by Sheryl Riddle Sr. criminality president consulting services DDI. In their research they said that trust plays an alpha role in the organization. According to them Leaders can foster high levels of trust among teams by encouraging team members to follow six unfathomed stepsMaintain one anothers self-esteem.Support and praise one another. oblige sensitive information confidential.Stand up for one another.Avoid chit chat or unfair criticism of others.Appreciate one anothers skills and differences.RESEARCH methodology-Two types of data are used-Secondary Data-Secondary data is interpreted from books, magazines, internet, research work, journals.Primary Data- Primary data is collected from Infosys campus at Bangalore.QUESTIONER-1-What is your company do for building trust in workplace?Ans-The company vision is clear. The goals set by top management are attainable and Infosys does not ignore the role of individual in the exploit of companies goal.2-What did the company do for quality in workplace?Ans- A company follow the best software engineering practices. Infosys is CMMI-5 certified.3-Why do the company use opthalmic studio team system?Ans-The Company use visual studio team system because it will increase exponentially over the next few years. We expect to grow this area to over 25000 developers.4-What did Infosys do for creating employment?Ans The Company currently trains 4,500 new recruits ev ery 14 weeks, at its own training campus in Mysore. The average age of the companys employees is 25 years.5- What did the company do for society?Ans-1. Conducting reformation camps at tribal areas, drought hit areas.2. Construction of hospitals.3. Rehabilitation of mentally retarded through other local organization.DATA ANALYSIS AND oddment-From the above data we comes to a conclusion that quality and trust in workplace are very important factors because if the workers have no trust in organization they do not work properly for the feat of the organizational goals. The organization should work in order to assure high quality of management and leadership in all parts of the organization. For better quality organizational missions, policies, strategies must be clear. Everyone regards himself/herself as owner of their personal objectives and open communication must be there in an organization so that everyone shares their views about the organizational goals.BIBLIOGRAPHY-Well being and trust in workplace- www.nber.org/papers/w14589About the Infosys company www.Infosys.comMonograph-Trust in workplace By Robert W Rogers, President, DDI And Sheryl Riddle, Sr. vice President consulting services DDI.Building trust in workplace- www.Melcrum.com

Physician Reluctance to Engage in Health System Program

Physician Reluctance to Engage in wellness System practiceThe Factors Effecting the Unwillingness of Physicians to actuateicipate in the Family Physical Program in capital of Irans country wellness System rearIntroduction The constitute essay is an attempt to survey the reasons for the atomic number 101s reluctance to establish serving in the family physical platform in the capital of Iran Province wellness placement.Methods Considering this purpose, the depicted object is an applied have carried out through a correlative method in capital of Irans Province wellness System in 2012.(IRAN) The study population was comprised of all the medical students in the Tehran Province wellness governance. Participants were selected through census. A questionnaire was used for data throng and the data were analyzed using SPSS16.Results The mean point of scotch stage, cook conditions, wellness, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems in the health centers beneath study were less than heart and soul. Additionally, a statistically large family was found between these problems and the intention of medical students to take surgical incision in the family medico broadcast (PConclusion The results contendd a evidential apprisalship between the problems of physicians and their tendency to take part in the family physician broadcast in Tehran. Given the necessity of creating motif among physicians to take part in the architectural plan effectively and willfully, solving the physicians problems appears to be effective in move the physicians in this regard.Keywords Family Physician, Referral System, Problems of Family Physicians, Health CentersIntroductionHealth is one of the principal reforms and a valuable capital at every social level 1. on the main objective of the national health scheme, which is to improve public health where the healthy citizens have capability to take part in economical and social activities 2, there are other tasks to be fulfilled by the health system. These tasks include raising hope for a healthy life, responding to healthy expectations of the public, reducing social gaps (social justice) and providing financial coverage for medical go 1. It is essential, therefore, to design and adopt a proper model for health advantages to run into health objectives, maintain/improve health, and improve equal gateway to health helper.In this regard, many have alimentationed the idea of a health system in which all citizens regardless of their living condition and regularize (even those living in remote areas) have access to adequate change health services. Such services are provided by the facilities where experts are accomplished based on the available resources in the shortest feasible time and for bonny costs as call for by cultural and time constrains 3.In fact, family physician curriculums and referral systems are in line with the realization of a original care h ealth system that actualizes considerable potential resources towards the improvement of the health conditions of the society 4.The family physician course of study is a comprehensive health system and among the main achievements of this class are helping people to refer to the correct superfluousist and an increase in the public bliss of health services 2. Additionally, the American Physician Academy believes that the family physician system is the best and nigh effective way to provide health services for patients 3.In hurt of this, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in cooperation with the Ministry of Welfare and Social Security, Ministry of Health, Treatment, medical exam Education, and Health Service Insurance Org. triggered a rural health policy platforms through a referral system based on a family physician program in 2005. This program, considered as one of the main elements of health system development, was aimed to expand the health insurance coverag e and to promote equal access to health diagnostic services 5.In addition to supplying health services required by the public, the family physician program prevents default of patients right or any abuse of peoples fatality to health services 1.Given that the family physician program is a nationwide program and all insurance organizations accede in this program, it is essential to survey the mental process of the program regarding put throughation, quality, and quantity of the services provided to insured patients. By this survey, the weakness and advantages of the program can be highlighted. Consequently, the family physician program may lead to considerable changes in treatment behavior models as well as changes in consumption patterns in this field 6.Santos and Amado believe that the knowledge of a family physician to provide primary care services leads to a long-term relation between the family and the physician which is an advantage of the family physician program 7.In ad dition, rank the health services by the referral system gives the people in need access to more specialized services based on their dependable needs 8.At first, the referral visits the family physician and, if needed, the physician recommends them to a special practitioner. The special practitioner, then, checks the patients, carries out the required measures, records the measures in the patients file, and returns the patients to the family physician 9.Although, the family physician program is initially aimed to improve public access to health care systems and cuts the unnecessary medical costs, there are evidences that the program is non free of weaknesses 10.In his study titled challenges of family physicians in the world of the 1980s Donald Rice (1980), studied the stance of family physicians and challenges onwards of them in contrastive countries and highlighted some main challenges including financial support for the graduates, salary of the physicians and the staff from c ommunity sources, and so on.After the implementation of health networks, family physicians are the next biggest reform in health systems, which promises to solve many of the problems of the health system. It is reasonable to expect a variety of economic, social, and cultural problems ahead of the program and failures to overcome. These problems threaten first level of services and the kickoff-downs health. Above all, solving a problem needs developing an hi-fi insight to the problem. Analyzing the causes and the factors effective on high swages of family physicians is the first step to rag a right policy to improve health services nationwide.MethodsThe study is a descriptive analytical work carried out on the Tehran Province health system in 2012. Given incongruity of the districts under study and sensitivity of the issue, a census was taken in the system and all 100 physicians in the system agreed to participate. No take in was done in this study and all the study population took part in the survey.Questionnaires were used for gathering the data. These questionnaires were divided into two theatrical rolealisations. The first section included the demographic information of those who had took part in the survey. The second section included the questions which showed the unwillingness of the physicians towards the family physician program. The results of these questionnaires were classified into five main axes 1- economic variables (questions 1-6) 2- work conditions, health, welfare, and educational variables (questions 7-12) 3- systematic-organizational variables (questions 13-18) 4- organizational-administrative variables (questions 19-24) and 5- social and cultural variables (questions 25-30). The questionnaire was designed based on Likerts five-point scale.The validity of the questionnaires was approved by ten experts. Also, the stability was gained by the Cronbachs alpha coefficient test. The gleaned data were analyzed using descriptive and inferent ial statistics in SPSS. Among descriptive statistics frequence, frequency rate, mean, and standard deviation were used. Also in found to survey the independence/dependence of the variables, Chi Square was used as inferential statistics.ResultsFemale and male participants constituted 65% and 35% of the test group respectively. In addition, 24% of the participants were unmarried and 76% were married. Regarding employment status, 68% had lifetime employment and 32% were employed in the program for a specific time.The average age of the participants was 34 and the youngest and oldest participants were 25 and 54 age old respectively. Moreover, 23% of the participants were at the age range of 25-35, 58% were at the age range of 35-45 and 19% were at the age range of 45-55. fly the coop records also showed that the lowest work attend was 1 year and the highest work experience was 29 old age. On average, the participants had 10 years of work experience 30% less than 19 years, 50% bet ween 10 to 20 years, and 20% between 20 to 30 years.Table 1. distribution and frequency rate of the responseMean point economic, work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems effective on the willingness of the physicians to take part in the family physician program were below the midpoint (Table 2).Table 2. Family physician problemThere was a significant detrimental relationship among economic, welfare, and social-cultural problems. On the other hand, there was a positive and significant relationship between work conditions, health, and structural-organization problems (Table 3).Table 3. correlation among problems of family physicians to take part in the programDiscussionThe family physician program has aimed to completely implement a referral system in the heath and treatment sector. Among the main advantages of the program are preventing physicians confusion and, more importantly, to improve public happiness from health services. This research also minimizes the waste of resources and leads to great economic savings. The early years of implementing the program have been featured with an increase of availability index in different aspects of the family physician program (human resources and preclinical services). Still, the ahead challenges are not deniable.The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between economic, work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems on one hand and the physicians willingness to participate in the family physician program on the other. This is consistent with Hosseing Fahrejis study 11 on the family physician program in the Imam Khomeini Charity mission. A study by Masoodi Asl 12 on the estimation of the satisfaction of the service takers under the Imam Khomeini Charity Committee program showed that 31.25% were satisfied with the program, 51.5% were relatively satisfied, and 10% were relatively dissatisfied which is inco nsistent with the present study.Motlagh (2009) in a study titled physicians satisfaction on the factors effective on creating dynamism in the family physician program and rural medical insurance indicates that minimum satisfaction level in the medical education universities is with financial problems 13.Taking into account the findings of the study and significant effect of welfare and financial problems on the physicians tendency to take part in the program, one may conclude that poor welfare facilities and accommodations for the physicians in the health and treatment network leads to high overthrow rates among the physicians. The majority of the physicians only take part in the program for short and temporary terms and to only spend their obligatory service terms. Dieleman et al. also mentioned low salaries and hard work conditions as the reasons for neediness of motivation in the health and treatment system 14.Given that a successful implementation of the family physician progr am needs public participation and cooperation for different sections, cultural works on all the effective actors is essential. Failure to successfully implement referral to a specialist practitioner plan, poor follow up by the family physicians, and poor public support for the program are the signs of low public participation rates in the program. The reasons of poor cooperation are lack of cultural and public informing measures regarding family physician programs and negative attitudes and distrust in family physicians. Nasrollahpour et al. highlighted resistance among family physicians and specialist practitioners against the family physician program 15.Professional satisfaction of the family physicians is a tonality factor in the health system. In addition, paid satisfaction might be related to the quality and effectiveness of the health services provided 16. On the other hand, probability of attracting new work forces decreases with an increase of professional dissatisfaction among family physicians and replacement applications by the physicians. Payment terms and work conditions are key factors in attracting and retentiveness skillful physicians 17. In regards to the causes of dissatisfaction among the family physicians are high workloads, universe busy doing supportive works in health centers, lack of welfare, negligence of specific needs of different regions, and lack of proper cultural formulation (the public and specialist physicians are not properly trained).Ebadifardazar et al. 18 found that issues resembling low salaries, delay in payments, remote work place, long working hours, and no promising future for this national program are the causes of dissatisfaction of family physicians that increases turnover rates. Understaffed work force and high rates of turnover or replacement during the first 5 years of family physician program indicate problems of attracting and keeping general practitioners in the program. Also decreasing the number of se rvice takers assigned to each practitioner, proving decent work conditions, providing welfare facilities to attract physicians and keeping the balance between demand and supply, clarifying health service packs, and providing required equipment and support are the effective factors in attracting and keeping the physicians 19.ConclusionIn conclusion, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between the problems experienced by physicians and their willingness to participate in the family physician program in the health centers determined in Tehran. In spite of the fact that satisfactory implementation of the program is the intention of the policy makers, solving the problems participating physicians face and increasing their willingness to participate appears to be an effective approach to improve the outcomes of the program.ReferencesJamshid Beigi M, Mardfar N. Executive performance of family physician program and rural insurance. Tehran Arvij 2007. Persian.Ghohar inejh ad S. Health system decentalisation on Iran University of medical examination Science. Proceeding of 5th national Congress of healthcare Administration Student, 2007 May 9-12, Iran, Tabriz P.32. Persian.Rasoulid Nejad S. A survey of referral system in health care service system and ways to improve Isfahan Health system. Ph.D. Dissertation. Tehran Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Branch 1996.Family physicians and referral system in Islamic Republic of Iran, Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education, Health Department, Summer, 2006. Persian.Ministry of health and medical education. Illustration of health team and family physician services. First ed. Tehran Arvij Publishers 2006. Persian.Khayyati F, Motlagh ME, Kabir MJ, Kazemeini H. The role of family physician in case finding, referral, and insurance coverage in the rural areas. Iranian diary of public health. 2011 40(3) 136.Amado CA, Santos SP. Challenges for performance assessment and improvement in primary health care the case of the Portuguese health centers. Health Policy. 200991(1)43-56.Davoudi S. Introduction to health sector reform. 1st ed. Tehran Asar-e-Mouaser 2006. Persian.Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Family physician instructions, 2010. Persian.Kersnik J. An evaluation of patient satisfaction with family practice care in Slovenia. Int J Qual Health Care. 200012(2)143-7.Hosseini Fahreji H. Assessment of family physician performance in Yazd Imam Khomeini Charity Committee M.A. Thesis. Tehran Iran University of Medical Sciences 2004. Persian.Masoudi Asl I. A survey of family physician program from the physicians standpoint in Yasouj Imam Khomeini Charity Committee. M.A. Thesis. Tehran Islamic Azad University 2002. Persian.Motlagh MI, Pourshirvani N. Doctors consent of self-propelling factors affecting the insurance plan and rural family physicians in Gilan University of Medical Sciences. diary of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 20041955-48. Per sian.Dieleman M, Cuong PV, Anh LV, Martineau T. Identifying factors for job motivation of rural health workers in North Viet Nam. Hum Resour Health. 20031(1)10.Nasrollahpour Shirvani D, Ashrafian Amiri H, Motlagh ME, Kabir MJ, Maleki MR, Shabestani Monfared A, et al. Evaluation of the function of referral system in family physician program in Northern provinces of Iran 2008. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 201011(6)46-52.Landeck M, Garza C. Utilization of physician health care services in Mexico by US Hispanic frame residents. Health marketing quarterly. 200320(1)3-16.Abma J C, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning, and womens health new data from the 1995 National see of Family Growth. Vital and health statistics. Series 23, Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. 1997(19)1-14.Mahmoodi A, Kohan M, Azar FE, Solhi M, Rahimi E. The impact of education using Health Belief Model on awareness and attitude of male teachers regarding their participatio n in family planning. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.20119(3)21-8. Persian.Cates W, Karim QA, El-Sadr WM, Haffner DW, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Rogo K, Averill EMD. Family planning and the millennium development goals. Science. 2014329(5999)1603.

Stopping By Woods On A Snowy E :: essays research papers

"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy even" and "Mending Wall" An Analysis of cardinal Robert freeze Works.James Allen once said, You are today w here(predicate) your thoughts have brought you you volition be tomorrow where your thoughts take you. After reading the two Robert Frost poems, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and Mending Wall, one can not help to wonder what kinds of thoughts shake up these two poems. It becomes clear that the underlying theme in both of these poems is just freedom of thought. These free thoughts give a person the capability to reside how he chooses.     In the first poem, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Frost vividly describes a freedom that umpteen of us take for granted. He tells how he has decided to take the judgment of conviction to stop what he is doing and admire the snow as it falls in the woods and on a frozen lake. The man who owns these woods lives in the town and is ignorant of the saucer that t hey contain. He has not taken the beat to notice how beautiful they are as the snow comes down. The owner of the woods, well foretell him bobber, lives in the town and is busy living his life in the town. Bob will not notice because he takes for granted the fact that he is able to go look at the woods much the likes of the reference. Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. The persona is saying that he knows who owns the woods, but he wont see him looking at the woods because he lives in the town. The author knows that Bob will not visit because he only owns the woods, he lives in the town and does not appreciate the beauty they possess or he would be there visiting them himself. The author is appreciating life and the freedom that he has while observing his own wintertime or the last stanza of his life as he watches the woods as they fill will snow. It is clear that the aut hor (the persona of the poem) has chosen a life different from that of Bob. Bob has chosen the city life of button-down things while the author has decided to take in the beauty of the world.

Free Frankenstein Essays: The Letters and Chapters 1 & 2 :: Frankenstein essays

Frankenstein The Letters and Chapters 1 & 2   A firstborn impression of Walton would be to say that he is extremely ambitious. He desires to go to the normality Pole to accomplish some great purpose. He has his own theories on what should be there, and leave behind not rest until he has rised them. This is somewhat a Godlike ambition, in that he wishes to be praised for discovering something impudent which leave benefit ein truthone else in the world. The language used is also very much like Old Testament, Biblical Heaven shower megabucks blessings on you. The image of Walton being Godlike is enhanced by this.   However, he is annihilating of his family, as he goes against his fathers dying injunction, which had forbidden him from embarking on a seafaring life. He seems to be very egocentric, and not alert of anyone else or their feelings. He is deliberately disobeying his father to pursue a personalised ambition. He is leaving his sister in England, and at the end of each(prenominal) letter he writes that he may not see her again, parting my dear, excellent Margaret, Remember me with affection, should you never hear from me again. Each time she receives a letter from him, she will be hopeful of his return and safety, and thusly he writes Shall I meet you again?. This is selfish of him, as it will worry her even more about his expedition. Again this Godlike theme reoccurs as he is doing what he wants to do.   Having only been educated about this passion by dint of his own reading, he cannot really be sure of what he will discover once he reaches his destination. His beliefs that snow and frost are banished from the North Pole seem as eccentric as believing that the priming coat is flat. But of course he doesnt see it this way, he needs to prove his own theory. After failing at being a poet he doesnt want to fail as a scientist and explorer either. He is confident(p) in his beliefs and will stop at nothing, not even oeuvre as an under-mate in a Greenland Whaler, to get where he wants to be, and hopefully find what he wants to discover.   In the second letter, Walton writes about his desire for a friend. As he has left all his acquaintances in England, he no longer has anyone to convey theories and ideas to, participate in his joy, or relief him in times of despair.

Booker T. Washington :: American America History

Booker T. chapiterFollowing the smoke of Confederate and Union gunfire emerged the self-reliant and impressive Booker Taliaferro capital letter. As a distinguished black educator, a ascendent broker, and an ethical as well as economical constructionist, he stepped up to the podium of civil mend with authority. Life was not easy for untried Booker T from the moment of his delivery on April 5, 1856, he was clamped into bondage. moil in the backbreaking salt furnace from the age of ten with his father, whilst partially attending school in Malden, West Virginia was a demanding schedule, which was only alleviated by his acceptance to the Hampton Institute, a school set up by whites to elucidate newly freed slaves after the Civil War. It was there, he worked as a janitor to back off himself and pay his tuition and boarding fee. Completing his regular studies at Hampton in 1875, he was later hired in the fall of 1879 to teach homegrown Americans youths and direct night classes fo r black men and women. Evidently, well acquainted with the hardships of the frequent (black) man, Booker T. Washington was an exemplar of black solidarity and idyllic for the institutionalization of economic reform for the betterment of the Negro community. His revolutionary outlook on the enhancement of African Americans up the slippery social ladder of white supremacy turn out to be very effective in post-Civil War America by the injection of ultramodern reformist thought into the Negro psyche and the restructuring of superannuated modes of black behavior by way of an economic guise, he propelled blacks irretrievably forward. Booker T. Washingtons beliefs distillery echo through our society today. The aforementioned Hampton Institute provided Washington with a sturdy foundation for his later achievements. Although the curriculum was centered on industrial arts and moral cultivation rather than intellectual pursuits, he unearthed the worth in character formation and modeled h is behavior accordingly. In 1881, these principles well-defined the infrastructure of his Normal and Industrial Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Erected from a dilapidate shanty and church, came forth the foremost educational institution for blacks, which simultaneously sponsored and strengthened momentum for the Tuskegee Movement an array of policies, views, and tactics that illuminated Booker T. Washington as the race leader in dealing with the Negro occupation (as his supporters in both the North and South saw it). From his southern small-town sum he bejeweled the nation with a network of schools and newspapers, offering a means by which the Negro populace could liberate themselves of Jim Crows noose and Uncle Toms iron-grip.