Home / Identity Essay -- science

Home / IdentityThe word home base is something that is often misunderstood. Home makes up your identity and not many lot know that. Therefore you ask me, what is home? Home is not just in your house. Home is a place that surrounds you. Its you environment and cause for emotions. Your home is where you are with the people that surround you (peers, family, and strangers), as well as cars, houses, stores, and/or toys. All of these things (people, buildings, playful objects, and nature) are the components that make up a home. Some people dont have all of those things in their home though. A homeless man has no house to operate in whereas a blue man has a beautiful house to his or her accommodations as well as anything that will make him or her happy. This also explains the question, where is home? Home has no exact place to be. Your home can be on the opposite side of someone elses home. You can even share the same home with family members that live with you, even though they see it different than you. That is because you dont share the same emotions. Emotions are expressed differently through each person because of their emotional state experiences. A young child could be laughed at at school, while their brother or sister(s) isnt laughed at. The result for that is that they could live in the same home, just be different people in their personalities. The word personalities is often mixed up with the word identity. The way a person is treated affects their personalit...

amazon com Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever purchased any product on the net income, used the Internet to collect information or data, or played computer games on the Internet? You must agree that it is fast, easy, and enjoyable. The Internet has been a part of our daily sprightliness for several years now. In addition, in the business world, a new business model, E-business and E-commerce, has appeared for several years. consort to Ali, there are two main types of E-commerce B2B and B2C (2000). 1 is business to business (B2B). This means that enterprises use the Internet to transact or trade between business operations and their partners. An otherwise is business to consumer (B2C). In other words, enterprises provide products, support good, and services to the customers on the Internet. amazon.com is a famous Internet retail company in E-commerce. Its business includes B2B and B2C. It opened its business in July 1996. Today, Amazon.com has spread out its business in more than two hundred and twenty countri es and this company sells various products like electronics, books, music, DVD, House wares, PCs and cars (Amazon.com Announces 4th Quarter Profit 2002). It is the biggest retail breed in E-commerce. Even though Amazon.com owns these accolades, this company is struggling to survive. Amazon.com had a $19 billion trade value before its rail line prices decreased from $75.25 to $9.25 (German, 2001). The problem is that Amazon still has not made accredited internet since it opened. How to help Amazon.com keep standing on the stage? If Amazon.com wants to survive in E-business and start do real profits, Amazon.com should merge with other retail companies, operate a new E-business strategy, and rebuild its financial structure.Everyone is wondering when Amazon.com will start making real profits. Last year, their stock price went down from $76 to $14 (Hahn & Celarier, 2001). Moreover, Amazon.com lost almost $150 one million million million last year (Amazon.com announces 4th quarter profit, 2001). How can Amazon.com start making real profits? Hahn & Celarier suggests that Amazon.com should merge with other retail companies such as General Growth Properties, Wal-Mart, and Bertelsmann because the merger will expand their market share, and create a new passageway and increase new customers and products , and recover their cash and Net sales loss (Fitch, 2000).First of all, the merger will help Amazon.com expand the market ... ...ve a good system or body in E-commerce. Since the so-called internet bubble burst in April 2000, hundreds of dotcom companies have closed because of the recession of E-commerce (Misek, 2003). According to Seewald, That trend is expected to continue this year as chemical companies continue to cut back on external spending (2001). E-business seems like a dud for investors and customers because the speed of collapse is very fast. No one knows which company will disappear in E-business. Even though Amazon.com is an E-commerce Pioneer, and it earned $1.12 billion last quarter, compared with $972 million in the fourth quarter in 2000, and has $19 billion market value (Amazon.com Announces 4th Quarter Profit 2002), it is also struggling to survive in the E-commerce world. Unless Amazon.com merge with other retail companies, practice new E-commerce strategy, and rebuild its financial structure, it will not be eliminated through competition in the E-commerce. Marking profits is the most important for company, especially for Amazon.com. If Amazon.com exercises these proposals presented in this paper, it will overcome its challenges and weaknesses, and then start making real profits.

Juvenile Criminals Should Not Be Tried as Adults :: Juvenile Crime Jail Prison Essays

Juvenile Criminals Should Not Be Tried as AdultsToday?s court system is left with many difficult decisions. One of the nearly controversial being whether to try juveniles as openhandeds or not. With the number of children in adult prison houses and jails rising rapidly, questions be being asked as to why children have been committing such heinous crimes and how will they be stopped. The fact of the matter is that it is not always the childrens fault for their poor choices and actions they are merely a victim of their environment or their parents. Another question asked is how young is too young. Children who are too young to see an R rated film unaccompanied are being sent to adult prisons. The only boundaries that seem to matter when it comes to being an adult are laws that restrain kids from things such as alcohol, pornography, and other materials seen as unethical. Children that are sent to adult prison are going to be subjected to even more unprincipled ideas and scenes. When children can be sent to jail for something as minor as a pause and grab burglary, the judicial system has errors. The laws that send juveniles to adult prisons are inhumane, immoral, and un meet. Kids are often incompetent, which leads to unfair trials. Adult prisons are also very dangerous for minors, and in many cases this leads to more juvenile crimes.People support sending juveniles to adult prisons for many reasons. One reason is that it is the job of the courts to help protect society. Once a troubled juvenile is sent to an adult prison, they are out of the way of society. Hopefully when they re-enter, the punishments they received will be imprinted in their brain and stop them from do any wrong once again. Another reason people think that disturbed youth cannot be saved is that punishment will not save them from themselves and they just need to be locked up forever. It is thought to be true that juveniles who are sent to jail will not commit the same crime again or even a ny crimes at all. All the reasons and opinions that say that juveniles should be sent to adult prisons for their heinous crimes seem logical. Despite this, they are not. There are more rational reasons why adolescents should be sent to their own private penitentiary.One of the reasons for sending juveniles to a separate prison than

The Silence of the Lambs - Hannibal Lecter, American Idol Essay

The stamp down of the Lambs - Hannibal Lecter, American Idol Few modern horror movies have matched the critical acclaim of Jonathan Demmes 1991 The Silence of the Lambs, featuring Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter, the anthropophagus psychiatrist. The film, along with Alfred Hitchocks psychotic person (1960), is one of few horror/suspense films accepted by movie critics as one of the best American films ever produced. However, as the trilogy of movies in the Hannibal Lecter series progressed, many feared that the character would become commercialized, as he has in many ways. In the two subsequent films, Ridley Scotts sequel, Hannibal (2001), and Brett Ratners 2002 prequel, Red Dragon, Lecter often seems more of a jeering of himself, playing up the larger-than-the-screen status bestowed upon him after Anthony Hopkinss superior performance in Lambs. While many critics were upset at the commercialization of one of the greatest characters in the history of American cinema , an even more interesting change may be indicated through the characters acceptance in mainstream culture. Hannibal Lecter is a different type of cannibal monster than those previously seen in horror films, as shown through his motivations and criminal actions, and has been accepted by the audience as an anti-hero instead of the antagonist of the movie. Cannibalism has become a prevalent theme in horror movies since the 1960s. According to Robin Wood, the cannibalism motif functions in two ways. Occasionally, members of a family devour each other . . . . More frequently, cannibalism is the familys agent of sustaining or nourishing itself (84). The latter theme has been seen throughout several movies, including Tobe Hoopers cult classic The ... ..., both the intellectual and the primal self. And, whether most viewers would admit it or not, he is, in many ways, the type of person we are encouraged to be. Works CitedEbert, Roger. The Silence of Lambs. Chicago Sun-Times. 14 F eb. 1991.Gregory, Bettina. Hannibal Lecter The Honey in the Lions Mouth. American journal of Psychotherapy 56.1 (2002) 100-14.Martingale, Moira. Cannibal Killers The History of Impossible Murders.New York Carroll, 1993.Sagan, Eli. Cannibalism Human Aggression and Cultural Form. New York Harper, 1974.Sanday, Peggy Reeves. Divine Hunger Cannibalism as a Cultural System. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1986. The Silence of the Lambs. Dir. Jonathan Demme. Orion, 1991.Wood, Robin. The American Nightmare Horror in the 70s. Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan. New York Columbia UP, 1986.

Narcissism as Liberation and Deep Play: Notes on a Balinese Cockfight E

Comparing Susan Douglas Narcissism as Liberation and Clifford Greetzs Deep Play Notes on a Balinese CockfightThe method used by Susan Douglas in her essay Narcissism as Liberation to describe the way a particular event to practice might have a deeper meat seems to differ somewhat with that used by Clifford Greetz in Deep Play Notes on a Balinese Cockfight. In the former, the author concentrates on the method which would be outstrip described as direct approach. In her explanations of the themes behind different advertising practices and their implied meanings she makes it sound as though the ones responsible for the advertisements infuse these subliminal messages on purpose into the context. She describes the play on womens feelings to cow them into thinking that they are never the ideal and should always be working to perfect their bodies (using the advertisers products) is an intentional subliminal message that is infused into every commercial advertisement is done because that method seems to be effective. She stresses that the media and corporations have shaped...

Free Narrative Essays - Canoeing :: Personal Narrative Essays

Canoeing A to Z   We were practicing methods of paddling Ruth Elvedt discusses in her book,  Canoeing A to Z.  We did the side stroke, which pulls the canoe sideways.  We did the anchor stroke, which makes the canoe reverse course. We also did the classic forward stroke to go forward.  We became quite proficient in the art of spinning the canoe around in circles from combining the methods Ms. Elvedt discusses in her book.  The numerous people who were floating close by laughed at us and called us idiots because of our unique practice of paddling.           We interviewed full-bodieds uncle, Earl Keys, who claims to have floated The Current e trulywhere a hundred times, prior to our departure for the river. He had warned us when we questioned him about his numerous float trips down Current River to be extremely careful when we came to a fast moving bend in the river called Wallaces Point.  He said, Wallaces Point is lined with so many root wads (root wads are clumps of tree stumps, roots, branches, leaves, and whatever else might float down the river) along the banks, and it has so many sunken canoes and sunken logs along its main channel that safe passage through it is unrealistic - unless you stick to the right side of the bend.           As we neared the end of a long straight away in the river, I noticed the speed of the water was increase exponentially.  A look farther down the river told me what I had been dreading this whole trip now lay before us, and we were going into Wallaces Point from the wrong side of the river  Rich  Back-right stroke  Back-right stroke  Hurry Dont you see that were going in the wrong way?  BACK-RIGHT STROKE  I bellowed as a rush of excitement and care hit me.           Hey,  take it easy man.  We can do this.  Well just paddle like crazy to the o ther side.  Got it?  was Richs unusually calm reply to my maniacal outburst.  So we both put our backs into it and made it to the other side of the river however, before we knew it we were moving faster than most people can run, and steering the canoe was becoming very

Free Narrative Essays - Canoeing :: Personal Narrative Essays

Canoeing A to Z   We were practicing methods of paddling Ruth Elvedt discusses in her book,  Canoeing A to Z.  We did the side stroke, which pulls the canoe sideways.  We did the rearwards stroke, which makes the canoe reverse course. We also did the classic forward stroke to go forward.  We became quite proficient in the art of spinning the canoe around in circles from combining the methods Ms. Elvedt discusses in her book.  The numerous people who were floating close by laughed at us and called us idiots because of our unique practice of paddling.           We interviewed mystifyings uncle, Earl Keys, who claims to have floated The Current oer a hundred times, prior to our departure for the river. He had warned us when we questioned him about his numerous float trips down Current River to be extremely careful when we came to a fast moving bend in the river called Wallaces Point.  He said, Wallaces Point is lined with so many root wads (root wads are clumps of tree stumps, roots, branches, leaves, and whatever else might float down the river) along the banks, and it has so many sunken canoes and sunken logs along its main channel that safe passage through it is unrealistic - unless you stick to the right side of the bend.           As we neared the end of a long straight away in the river, I noticed the speed of the water was increase exponentially.  A look farther down the river told me what I had been dreading this whole trip now lay before us, and we were going into Wallaces Point from the wrong side of the river  Rich  Back-right stroke  Back-right stroke  Hurry Dont you see that were going in the wrong way?  BACK-RIGHT STROKE  I bellowed as a rush of excitement and business organisation hit me.           Hey,  take it easy man.  We can do this.  Well just paddle like crazy to the other side.  Got it?  was Richs unusually calm reply to my maniacal outburst.  So we both put our backs into it and made it to the other side of the river however, before we knew it we were moving faster than most people can run, and steering the canoe was becoming real

HP Case study analysis Essay

Hewlett Packard Company was founded in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. The society was co-ordinated in 1947 and became a public society in 1957. HP is based in the United States and has its headquarters located in Palo Alto, California. The company has specialized in the development and manufacture of personal computers, computer peripherals, softw are and hardware. The main products are personal computer hardware, data storage appliances and other related devices. HP markets its products to case-by-case customers as well as corporate customers.The company has follow both direct and online marketing strategies for its products in the global markets. Since its establishment, the company has encountered stiff competition from other companies in the global markets. In the last one decade, the company has adopted several strategies to improve performance and create sustainable market position in the global scene. The merger with Compaq was established with an aim of improvin g the global position of the company as well as adopting better technologies (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. 2010). HP has adopted various strategies to improve its market share in the global scene.Adoption of modern technology has been a major success factor in the efforts to stick to up with secernate products. there has been stiff competition in the market leading to decline in the market share for the company. The wariness has make severe change to ensure its brands are acceptable in many markets all over the world (Harris, 2007). External Environment Technology in the personal cipher industry has been very modernistic and this has been adopted by HP to manufacture competitive products. A team of researchers has been hired to range out innovative products.The company has a good system which integrates cultural diversity by working with different personnel and customers. The culture of the company is compatible with different national cultures as well as modi fy social systems. HP employs people from different cultures to work in regions where they understand the cultural practices. Few cultural conflicts have been experience at the company. The political climate has been very good in the regions where the company has its operations. Global economic crisis of the 2007/2008 affected the performance of the company since the sales volume trim back by a great margin.The company is recovering from the shock of the economic crisis and profits have been recorded in the recent past (Malone, 2007). Industry analytic thinking (Porters Framework) Bargaining power of buyers there is no single influential buyer in the industry. There are many buyers in the market this does not provide any single buyer a strong bargaining power. Since the company markets its products to both corporate and individual customers, on that point are a diversified number of customers and in case one customer fails, there are others to support the company (Banna, 2008). Bargaining power of suppliersSuppliers to the company are many and there is no single supplier with monopoly of providing materials to the company. This provides the company with enough control over its suppliers since prices for products are reduced. There is no dominant supplier in the market and the company has adequate control over the pricing strategies adopted by the suppliers (Banna, 2008). Rivalry among competitors Stiff competition in the industry has resulted to rivalry among competing firms. Each company has differentiated its products to attract as many customers as possible.Use of modern technologies to develop market oriented products has been a common practice at the company and this has enabled the management to come up with better products. Rivalry among competitors in the market has resulted into price wars where companies are introducing different pricing strategies for their products (Banna, 2008). Threat of effectiveness entry of new companies There is no regu lation on entry of new companies in the industry and this has resulted into many companies entering the market. This has resulted into stiff competition for the available opportunities in the market.There are no barriers of entry to the industry and this has provided better opportunities for new investors to establish themselves in the market. The technology used in the industry is not restrictive and new companies tolerate access ideas and knowledge about production of similar products. High profits made by existing companies in the industry have attracted more potential companies to invest in the industry. In addition, there are no barriers for excess capacity to exit the industry. The potential profits in the industry have made the large number of competitors fail to exit the market and this has resulted into price wars (Banna, 2008).Threat of substitute products Threat for substitute products has been great since there are different products which bear be substituted for the H P product range. There are no barriers to introducing substitute products and companies are free to come up with better alternative products in the industry. There are many substitute products in the industry and this has intensified the level of competition (Banna, 2008). Critical Success Factors (CSFs) HP has a strong brand ambit in the global market. The computing industry has recognized that HP has developed better strategies of promoting its brand image.Brand management has been successfully been done by creating innovative technologies which provide better market position to the company. The quality of the products manufactured by the company is naughty and this has provided better opportunities to compete successfully in the global market. As the company maintains a high quality profile for its products, it has also managed to increase the volume of output from its production systems. The company has adopted mass production and this provides economies of scale. As the volum e of production increases the cost of production decreases.The company has established strong systems of governance to manage its resources effectively. Project management strategies have been adopted to maintain high technology levels in the company. IT systems of the company have been developed to compete successfully with substitute products in the market. A strong team of research has been established to carry out market surveys for developing products which will provide a large market share in the current market situation and in the future (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. 2010).

North South Relations Theory

Edward Chien April 5, 2013 join-southward Relation Research question What is the realize and effect of North-South divide? And why is the South experiencing such s miserable economic growths? What atomic number 18 some solutions to resolving the North-South relation business? North South relation theory is defined as a socio-economic and political divide mingled with dickens hemispheres. The North consists of North American, Western Europe, Australia, Japan, and East Asian countries whereas the south is made up of Africa, Latin America, and South East Asia.The North is considered to be much to a greater extent economically create and modernized comp ared to the South, where there is widespread poverty and slow economic growth. In this paper I will examine the takes and effect of North-South divide. in that location are many causes to the North-South divide, notwithstanding I think it is strongly related to colonialism. I am talking about modern colonialism, whereby rich n ations are at present scrambling to get the best bargains from the poor people countries. Rich countries ready relaxed their immigration policies to attract riches and human capital from poorer countries.This is considered as robbing talents and it is a new form of colonialism that seems to be legitimate. If we look back in history, colonialism is done through coercion and threats, which is outlawed in todays world. During the colonial era, British trading companies drained wealth from its colonies in Africa by extraction of natural resources and refused to develop kind alkalis. In todays world, we come a new form of colonialism, which is equally devastating, but is much more subtle and little violent.We see a large number of young and skilled professionals of underdeveloped countries moving to rich countries because they are attracted by new possibilities in more developed countries. People are eager to migrate to countries in the South in attempts to better their life stand ards and get their trade in the perceived prosperity of the NorthSouth and Central Americans want to live and fit in North America. Africans and Southwest Asians want to live and work in Europe. Southeast Asians want to live and work in North America and Europe (Rafael, 2007, 556).Migration of skilled workers from the South is a serious concern for undeveloped countries. When skilled workers leave the South, they bring with them knowl process, capital, and economic productivity with them to the North. This facilitates an uneven distribution of technological innovation. For instance, if an structural engineer from the South leaves his province, the coarse loses human capital and indwellingly both economic productivity of this single(a) as well as income tax revenue.Now, when skilled labors are migrating in a large proportion, so(prenominal) it the effects are even more detrimental. Though the proponents of globalization argue that it ushers in an unprecedented flow and circ ulation of people which has never been witnessed before in history, the critics of globalization have shown us that the scale and complexity of human movement that is currently occurring has solely benefited the rich nations (Timsina, 2011). The loss of skilled labor due to migration is a main cause to why undeveloped countries are not experiencing economic growth.In order to solve the problem of migration and help undeveloped countries generate higher economic growth, I would point that rich countries ad alone their immigration policies. Policies should not be geared toward excessive importation of highly skilled and production young people because these people are the future of their country and without them, there will be petite economic growth. But simply changing immigration policies of rich countries are not abundant I think there should also be strong mo clamsary incentives on part of undeveloped countries to retain their skilled workers.For instance, I think doctors, nurs es, engineers, and technicians from poor countries should be given an income equal to income given in rich countries the organization should be able to subsidize their annual salary if necessary. Another of the essence(p) cause of North-South divide is that there is capital constraints and governmental corruptness in less developed countries. When government officials corrupt and steal from tax revenue, money is directed into individual pockets rather than building open infrastructures.Corrupted money are usually deposited aboard for example in China, a news report unveils that the number of government and Party officials who fled the country since the mid 1990s was between 16,000 and 18,000 and the embezzled capital nearly 800 billion Yuan, which is $123 billion dollars (Chen, 2011). The report also says that corrupted officials are mostly public aegis officers, high executives of state-owned companies, and member of the judiciary these government officials lack the confident in the current system in China and believed that their assets and future is safer abroad, usually in developed countries.Thus, I would suggest countries in the South that are less developed to strengthen property rights for its citizens. If government officials do not even trust the country in which they serve, they will not serve their country wholeheartedly. There are many problems when capital flight and government corruption takes place. For example, when money goes into individual pockets, indian lodge will be left with little improvement in basic public and social infrastructures the majority of the people will continue to have low living standards, and the country will not be modernized as quickly.This is prevalent in African countries where authoritarian regimes dictate politics. Plus, in underdeveloped countries where community growth is very high, the amount of capital per person available for people declines as population grows. There is no much capital to start with and if net capital accumulation is declining due to corruption, poor countries will only get poorer in the long run. Bribery is one of the main tools of corruption, often used by private parties to buy things that are provided by the government.For instance, private actors can bribe and influence the governments choice of firms to supply strongs and services through contracts. If blood line people and government officials are working together to make money, then there is usually monopoly in the market. The government can create barriers of entry and preserve competition from entering to take market share away from their business partners or client. This will usually result in high product prices and little foreign direct investment due to unfair practice in the market.These practices by the government put their country in a vicious developmental cycle that entails slow economic growth in the long run. I think foreign intervention into domestic politics of another country is a vi olation of sovereignty rights and so it is very hard to solve the problem of government corruption from the outside. If a developing country wants to transform itself and become a part of the North, then its government must be willing to resist the temptation of corruption, or at least control their level of corruption sustainably.I think we will have to look at some success stories before we formulate a solution. Government intervention is a very important part of developing countries historically, undefeated transformation and rapid economic growth are only achieved through state-led programs and government intervention. If we look at the early stages of economic development in South Korea and chinaware, we will see that there is widespread state involvement and state guidance. Both South Korea and chinaware were ruled by a military regime from the 1960s to the 1970s that focused heavily on heavy industrialization.Park Chung Hee utilized his experience with Japans wartime econo mic commission in Northeast China and applied the model in South Korea. He created the economic planning board, ministry of trade and industry, ministry of finance, and moved away from import alternate to an export oriented trade policy. In Taiwan, Chiang Kai-Shek was the military leader and he introduced a similar economic development model, he nationalized the banking system in Taiwan and employed a very conservative approach toward liberalism. During his reign, about 71. % of the assets of all monetary institutions were concentrated in the hands of government-owned banks. This approach was highly beneficial to the financial sector in Taiwan because it reduced volatility in the stock market and limited speculative investment from foreign investors this approach also helped Taiwan avoid the effects of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Both Taiwan and South Korea are small economies compared to other Western countries, but they were very successful in their state-led economic d evelopment.I think the biggest take away that we can learn from the economic model of South Korea and Taiwan is establishing effective government intervention in the economy. An efficient government in a developing country should prioritize equity and economic growth before anything else. I would suggest governments in developing countries to invest heavily in human capital, such as health, education and nutrition. Public and social infrastructures are also extremely important and they include roads, agency distribution, water and sanitation.Last and the most important type of capital is public institutional capital, which includes a well-run bureaucracy, judicial system, and law enforcement capabilities. Having a strong government intervention is essential component that will help the South transform itself into a North economy. And it is historically proven to be possible when we look the economic miracle in South Korea and Taiwan. Another reason that some South economies are not moving toward a more advanced economy is because it is disadvantaged geographically. We called these countries landlocked developing countries (LLDC).A report estimates that Landlocked countries that rely on transoceanic trade usually fulfill a cost of trade that is double of their maritime neighbors, and they on average suffer a economic growth of 6% or less compare to their non-landlocked countries (Hagen, 2003, 13). Theses countries are mainly located in Sub-Saharan Africa. And since these developing countries are mainly focused on exporting natural resources, they incur high transportation costs due to distance and terrain barriers to the ocean this cause them to lose competitive edge for exports from non-landlocked countries.Furthermore, they also lack direct access to sea routes and are largely isolated from the world market. However, I think there is ways to solve this problem but it requires cooperation with non-landlocked neighboring countries. If we look at Europe, we s ee that landlocked countries can also become prosperous economically when there is a well-developed public infrastructure system like roads and communication. If Sub-Saharan African countries want to compensate for its geographical disability, then they should strike negotiation with non-landlocked countries and improve cooperation in developing public infrastructures.Furthermore, they should also try to reduce administrative burdens associated border crossings such as bureaucratic procedures, paperwork, custom charges, and traffic delay (Faye, 2004, 47). This will allow easier access between both countries and increase the volume of trade that is mutually beneficial. Again, this goes back to the importance of government intervention into the market because trade negotiations can not be with good diplomacy it does not matter if your economy is good, as long as you are landlocked and have no access to a seaport for exportation, then trade volumes will remain low.South economies are a lso undeveloped due to demographic reasons. Many least developed countries have extraordinary high population growth rates, which is caused by little to education and employment that leads to higher fertility rates. When people are not educated, families in societies where children are needed to work on subsistence farms tend to have more children, especially in places where infant and child mortality is high (worldsavvy. org, 2008). When there is high population growth, poverty typically grows as well.In fact, majority of the less developed countries have a large young population due to low life expectancy rates, and these young people have little employment opportunities. A report says, Developing countries tend to have a disproportionate number of citizens under the age of 30, which creates a large family potentially restless and unemployed youth who live in a society without sufficient employment opportunities and often with many groups, militias, and militaries to which young boys in grumpy are often drawn.It is calculated that when the youth population of a country reaches 35%, the risk of armed conflict goes up by 150% (worldsavvy. org, 2008). A large young population is beneficial to the country only if they are educated and working to generate economic growth if they are not doing this, then they are most likely wasting resources and perhaps even contribute to high crime rates. Thus I would suggest that there should be government intervention in areas related to healthcare and education when it comes to demographic pressures.The government should plan and develop the country as a whole and not tho focus on modernizing certain cities while leaving rural areas undeveloped. More employment opportunities should be provided through public programs such as construction of social infrastructures. I have explained several main causes of why there is a North-South divide in the world. The South is failing to transform itself due to reasons such as capital f light, migration of skilled workers, government corruption, inefficient government policies, geographic disadvantages, and demographic challenges.I also offered solutions to deal with each problem specifically I believe that if less developed countries can implement these solutions, then there is a chance for a South economy to transform itself to a North economy just like South Korea and Taiwan. Bibliography Mimiko, Oluwafemi (2012). Globalization The Politics of Global Economic Relations and planetary Business. Durham, N. C. Carolina Academic. pp. 4854. Mimiko, N. Oluwafemi. Globalization The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business.North Carolina Carolina Academic Press, 2012. 47-54. Print. Kacowicz, Arie M. Globalization, Poverty, and the NorthSouth Divide. International Studies Review 9. 4 (2007) 565-580. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 23 Oct. 2009. Therien, J. P. Beyond the north-south divide the two tales of world poverty. Third realism Quar terly. pp. 723742. Preece, Julia. Lifelong learning and development a perspective from the South Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education 39. 5 (2009). 23 Oct. 2009. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/NorthSouth_divide

Behaviorist description of depression Essay

The behavioral perspective of impression links the disorder to a deficit of confirmatory reinforcements in ones life. This lack of reinforcement results in the decline of constructive behavior, which in turn results in low. Behaviorists posit that a person pathetic from depression can develop a plan of action to replenish the deficit of positive reinforcement through the cooperation of family, friends and the therapist. In other words, according to behaviorists, the long-sufferings inability to cope with life stress leads to social withdrawal, which reduces the rate of positive reinforcements, which then results in depression.The belief that a person suffering from depression can behave him- or herself out of it is both appealing and troublesome. The benefits of constructive activity notwithstanding, dependence on others for positive reinforcement could result in depression that waxes and wanes in direct proportion to the presence or absence of external stimuli. The danger inher ent is this view is of placing too strong a focus on those external reinforcements.A unhurried who places conditions of worth on his or her actions may be convinced that others will never be in a conjure up of approval of those actions. Such a patient may benefit more greatly from a cognitive therapy that addresses his or her maladaptive thinking patterns and self-deprecating automated thoughts. It is the therapists responsibility to assess the most effective treatment based on the patients individual profile. The specific therapeutic get down must be tailored to the patents needs and capabilities. If the patient requires guidance to interchange maladaptive thinking, then a plan to simply change behavior is doomed to fail.The behaviorist perspective can also be interpreted as placing responsibility for depression squarely on the shoulders of the patient. Encouragement (of the patient to take charge of his or her own recovery by changing the nature of his or her personal relatio nships) can be effective with a obstinate person who is committed to recovery. By helping to develop a plan of action and monitoring its success and opportunities for improvement, the behavioral therapist maintains at once a reliable presence at a respectful distance.The patients relationships are also important factors in depression that must be address to treat depression ergo behavioral therapy must tackle negativity in that facet of the patients life. The therapist must assess the boilersuit relationship dynamic and any negative patterns of communication between the patient and his or her most significant others.Ideally, a behavioral therapist has evaluated the patient and hypothesized that he or she will benefit from changing behavioral patterns. The therapist patient will then work closely with the patient to assess the nature of his or her innate behavioral patterns to determine which are constructive and which detract from his or her impression of positive reinforcement. Cl assical conditioning is not suited for this task tho modeling and shaping may be effective. Operant conditioning, by definition, is the order of the day. The patient will receive continuous positive reinforcement for behaviors that combat his or her depression, while those that feed the depression will become extinct.

Problem of Teenage Pregnancy

Over the past few years teenagerage pregnancy rates constitute grown substantially. More than one million teenagers will become pregnant this year in Canada, and the number is growing. Many socioeconomic factors influence pregnancy rates, much(prenominal) as different races, different religions, financial status, statement and family background. Another influence is the inner learning children atomic number 18 receiving or not receiving at civilize and at home. While the problem of teenage pregnancy is acknowledged, solutions are coming slowly.Some parents feel that pregnancy is a result of the lack of sex education courses taught in schools, while others feel that these courses end up encouraging teenagers to become sexually active. Studies have been done to find out exactly how important sex education courses are, and what effect they have on pregnancy rates. The amount of sex education they receive is not as important a factor, according to a new-fashioned study. (Fewer girls get pregnant when involved in community, E8) Toronto Sun, 1998)Other sources say Sex education courses, advocated to prevent teen pregnancy but denounced as encouraged sexual interest, appear to have little or no effect on teens sexual activity. Such courses also have no noticeable effect on contraceptive use and pregnancy rates among teenagers. It was found that while students do learn about sex and contraception, they do not appear to alter their behavior. (Okie, 1996) The courses that are offered in schools have proven not to have any influence on the teenage pregnancy rates.The reason for this may be that the courses are just not being taught effectively or are targeting the wrong age group Two major goals of the school sex education programs are to master the incidence of unwarranted pregnancy as well as the rates of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. However, to be effective, programs must begin early. If we count until an age when most adolescents are sex ually active, we might have to combat an acquired behavioral pattern of ineffective STD/pregnancy prevention behavior.Some statistics found that in the 1984 survey of school superintendents found that children do not all seem to know what we expect them to know. It was found that 50% of schools offered a family life education program. Whereas 87% of urban districts had a program, only 25% of rural districts had a program. Canadian school children ages 9, 12 and 15 showed a considerable lack of sexual education. unless 35% of grade 7 students knew that is was possible for a girl to get pregnant between the ages of 12 and 15.Most thought pregnancy could not drop dead until after age 16. (Herold, 1997) Through many studies it has been proven that sex education in schools has little or no noticeable effect on the teen pregnancy rate. The conclusion has been made that the rate of teenage pregnancy is hike, but there is no solution in sight. Many thought having sex education in the sch ools would reduce the rate but statistics have suggested that they will not. There have been suggestions of other ways of reducing the high rates. Sexual counseling and accession to prevention (Beard, 1992) could be tried.In the mid-1970s the Ontario government started to provide universal access to publicly funded family planning and sex education. (Beard, 1992) If these were used in combination with school sexuality education it has been predicted that a decrease in the pregnancy rate would occur. Changes in the social climate, (MacDonald, 1996), which teenagers have been exposed to have been linked with rising adolescent pregnancy rates. These forces must be understood if we are to avoid to obvious pitfalls, draw successfully on our traditional social and cultural strengths, and invent effective models of prevention.

Children’s Technology Usage Essay

When was the digest time you truly spent time with your child? When was the last time your child ACTUALLY talked to you? Most parents honestly cant answer that question or bemuse to really rally about it. Children like a shot depend on technology to get them through their lives. Spending too much time glued to technology causes kids to have no human fundamental interaction skills, it exposes them to inappropriate study and most importantly it poses sober health risks. As parents it is their responsibility to put restrictions on the technology their children are using. Children who are constantly communicating via technology are losing vital human interaction skills. Vincent Nichols once stated Were losing social skills, the human interaction skills, how to read a persons mood, to read their body language, how to be patient until the moment is right to make or press a point. Too much exclusive use of electronic information dehumanizes what is a very, very important part of comm unity life and living together. (Vincent Nichols. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com).This quote is a great summary of the hereafter of our children. Do they know how to hold an actual conversation, how to present themselves, how to read body language? When texting you cant tell someones tone of voice and you befoolt have to deal with confrontation. How result children attend job interviews if they dont know how to interact with people in person? These are the fears that every(prenominal) parent should have for their child. Not to mention that at that place is a complete absence of family time. Families now are non nearly as close as they have been in past generations. Children will lose the ability to express their feelings, they will not be comfortable talking about problems with their parents and siblings will not be as close. Limiting the touchstone of time that children spend with technology and enforcing technology free times will help promote family time and interaction with peop le. To add to the lack of human interaction skills, the amount of inappropriate content that can be accessed by children is endless.Parents are aware of what images there are on the cyberspace and how easy it is to access them. Children have rather curious minds and the information they could attempt to access is endless. Most times they dont even have to search inappropriate content it is right in front of them throughcommercials, pop up ads and friends. eitherthing from sexual content, to body image, to drugs and alcohol, and even to violence is out there for them to access. Putting restricts on what children search, watch and download will help limit their exposure to such content. Having access to these types of content at such young ages will cause serious health risks now and later in life. Putting restrictions on what children can view is simple to do. Most cable companies, phone providers and internet providers have guidelines and support to help parents place restrictions on what their children can search and watch.Finally, excess time spent using technology can lead to serious health risks. Often obesity is the only risk that people associate with too much time spent on technology such as video games, TV, and cell phones. However, the health risks go far beyond obesity. While it is true that too much screen time is known to decrease the amount of physical activity a child partakes in it is not the only risk. Young girls who are already self conscious of their looks can find undefiled internet societies that brainwash them into thinking they need to be a picture perfect twig and teach them how to become one through anorexia and bulimia. Also, dependency on technology and always being in the now causes sleep disorders, stress and anxiety. Lack of sleep can cause mood disorders and the affects of stress and anxiety in young children can carry with them into their teenage and adult years making it more difficult to recover from.Drugs and alcohol and o ften glorified and young teens think that they need to do them to be cool causing addiction, overdose, and even death. Making sure that their children are healthy and safe should be a parents main concern. Placing restrictions on technology will help ensure that their children stay alive. As parents it is their responsibility to put restrictions on the technology their children are using. What kind of future do parents want for their children? Parents now are already at a disadvantage of raising their children in an era full of technology. They have their work caterpillar tread out for them to make sure that their children are not dependent on technology and that they learn human interaction skills. Keeping their children protected from the inappropriate content and ensuring that their children do not suffer from mental and physical health problems as a result of technology should be every parents priority. Every parent should be placing restrictions on when and what their children are using technology for.ReferencesVincent Nichols. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved September 22, 2014, from BrainyQuote.com Web site http//www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/v/vincentnic532641.html

Communal Riots in India Essay

common riots watch become a distinct frolic of commonism in India. Whenever conflicting groups from cardinal different religions, which argon self conscious communities, clash, it results in a common riot. An even outt is identified as a communal riot if (a) on that point is effect, and (b) 2 or more than communally identified groups face up each former(a) or members of the other group at just ab aside point during the wildness.1 The fountain for such a clash could be superficial and trivial, though underlying them argon deeper considerations of policy-making representation, get wind of and access to resources and power. on that point check been many happenings of riots recorded during the course of British rule and even originally that. For warning In Ahmedabad there were riots in 1714, 1715, 1716 and 1750. But according to Bipan Chandra, in his book Communalism in unexampled India, communal tension and riots began to occur only in the run low quarter of the 19th century, but they did non occur in India on any significant scale till 1946-472. Before that, the maximum communal sidesplitter overlyk move into during 1923-26. A clear relationship among communal riots and political sympathies was established for the first time in 1946, when the Islamic League gave its direct carry out call on haughty 16, 1946. 3 This chronology reveals that communal riots are non caused spontaneously and excessively that they are rarely caused by religious animosity.They arise payable to conflicting political interests, which are often linked to economic interests. on that point is a significant change in the pattern of communal riots since the 1990s, which could be detect in the later part of this chronology. This brings forth the shifts that lose occurred in the nature of communal riots in India. More all over, the aim is to underline that religion in most of the cases is non the reason why communal riots occur. The reason for the occurrenc e of communal forcefulness has been different in the two different phases. During the time of partition, it was the clash of political interests of the elite group of two different communities which resulted in communal riots.4 But, from the 1960s till the late mid-eighties, the local political and economic locationors compete a very important employment in instigating riots. The emergence of Hindutva politics in the last two disco biscuits has been a cause of communal riots in this phase where the local factors rent besides helped in instigating riots. Communal riots that took tush from the 1960s to the 1980s follow a position pattern.Read more Essay About Crime Rate in IndiaThey puzzle mostly occurred in ur expatriate towns which are either industrial belts or trading centers with the economy givingly root wordd on a particular occupation. or so of these places had a considerable percentage of Moslem populate whose political or economic interests clashed with th ose of the Ashtosh Varshney, Ethnic Violence and Civic Life, (New Haven Yale University Press, 2002), p.309 2 Bipan Chandra, Communalism in Modern India, (New Delhi Vikas Publishing Home, 1984), Pp 4 3 Ibid, 6 4 Asghar Ali Engineer, Gujarat Riots in the Light of the History of Communal Violence, Economic and political Weekly, December 14, 2002, pp. 5047-5054 -11Hindus. Moreover, the major riots occurred when the relation was in power in these terra firmas or during the short and uncertain phase of the Janata Party coalition rule at the Centre. Riots in this phase might energise occurred in the colonys or rural eye sockets like the Biharsharif riots, but they have often re main(prenominal)ed unreported. Therefore it is important to distinguish this phase from the 1990s during which the BJP and its sister governings have been active in instigating communal riots. Communal force since 1990s needs to be seen in the light of the changing political equations in the country. The dec line of the Congress and the emergence of the BJP as a knockout political force resulted in shifting patterns of communal riots. Communal forcefulness in the last two decades is a result of the function of the religious sentiments of concourse by the Hindu right-wing cheeks for political gains. The politicization of the Mandir- musjid issue and the subsequent demolition of the Mosque gave the BJP the opport whiz to consolidate its vote bank. But in the demonstrate the controversy created a communal divide, and frequency of riots as well increase during this time. Since partition, never before has iodin particular misadventure resulted in the emergence of violence in almost all the states. From the 1960s till 1980 local factors played a very important role in the emergence of riots, but since the late 1980s this trend seems to be changing. Communal violence has always occurred when the BJP has wanted to expand its base. In the recent long time the South Indian states, parti cularly Kerala and Tamilnadu, have also witnessed communal violence and are slowly growing into communally splendid areas. This is primarily because of the recent entrance of BJP in the political arena of these states. Apart from Godhra, the other incidences of communal violence in the 90s have been minor, yet they can non be dismissed.These eruptions of communal violence have not been spontaneous, but are organized, and often have the certify of the local administrations. The state support to riots is a long established feature in India, yet the state has never been such an active participant in the violence before the Gujarat riots. Communal violence has entered a new phase with the Christians and members of other minority religions being made the victims of planned attacks. Communal riots in this decade have been both urban and rural features, but the extent of damage is always greater in the thriving centers of trade and commerce. Tribal universe in the rural areas is being fo rced to get gnarled in the attacks on Christians and Islamics by bringing them within the Hindutva framework. Apart from economic reasons, the call for Hindu unity which is primarily a means to achieve political advantage is the main source for communal violence in this decade. Godhra was indeed the first major communal riot that got such a wide media coverage particularly from the satellite channels. Therefore the media now needs to be more credit expensey, considering the influence that it can have over the masses. It is time that the media forgo any kind of biased reporting as it can further encourage the communal elements to instigate the masses. Political parties have always had a hand in instigating and exploiting communal violence so as to meet their electoral interests. Though communal riots are condemned in different quarters, there is still complete inaction both from the administration and the legal opinion governments in many states. Though religious feasts and pro cessions are generally the placeing points of communal riots, still sufficient security is not provided during these times. There is also not much response against incidents of communal violence from the civil society. Till the time the political parties which instigate communal riots are voted to power, the incentives to combat communalism will not be able to develop fully. class Location Communities/Organizati ons conglomerate/Reasons Hindus, Islamics Hindus, Muslims Casualties light 5000 5000 hurt 25000 3000 examination delegation moderate Remarks 1947 meetAugust, 1947 Calcutta and Naokhali, Bengal Lahore and Amritsar, PunjabKota Kota Jabalpur elopement of a Hindu girl with a Muslim boy, son of a local bidi magnate was the immediate cause rivalry amongst Hindus and Muslims in the bidi industry business rivalry between the Hindus and the Muslims, particularly in the liquor trade in Rourkela Justice Shiv Dayal Srivastava delegacy parole department was inefficient, the i ntegrity and order authorities responsible for laxity in investigation and prosecution, resulting in large acquittalsThe riots in Bihar also led to largescale devastation of human lives and properties. Punjab was the worst set up during the Partition riots. It was the key to the issue of partition and thus to the constitutional fate of India. In Lahore and Amritsar armed mobs murdered the people and burnt their homes situation brought under control quickly situation brought under control quickly A new phase began with the Jabalpur riots when local factors started playing an important role in instigating violence.Rourkela, Calcutta, Jamshedpur 2000, mostly Muslims reception to the atrocities committed against Hindus in East Pakistan. communal elements were given a free hand by the administration Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons started overdue to brick batting of a students procession urging that Urdu be made the second official language of Bihar Casualti es unfounded 19 Hindus, 164 Muslims Injured doubtfulness deputation Raghubir Dayal electric charge yield Remarks August 1967 Hatia, Ranchifeelings were agitated on hearing rumors most what happened in Ranchi. The commission was critical about the inadequate measures adopted by the district authority in Hatia DM and SP new and inexperienced political parties and labour unions criticized It was around 1964-65 that communal disturbances began to occur in Aurangabad. The Jamait-e-Islami did not have any active branches till about 1964. The Jan Sangh in the fourth general elections found the first opportunity to approach the masses on a purely communal platform since opposing Congress candidate in Aurangabad was a Muslim. Majority of the Hindu population of Karimganj was engaged in trade and business, the bulk of them were also involved in smuggling. The Hindus of the region resented the fact that Muslim smugglers had an edge over them, due to their relations with the Muslim popula tion in Pakistan.Aurangabadaccidental injury to a cow by a Muslim boy piece of music he was trying to chase it away from his glom. Loot and arson by RSSJan Sangh and Congress workers. Retaliation by Muslims a cow be to a Muslim trespassed into a Hindu house. When a Hindu boy tried to chase the cow away, a few Muslims beat him up 41 Hindua, 41 Muslims one incident of stabbing a Hindu border district 1968Karimganj, Assam Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Communal riots between Hindus and Muslims occurred near the Jagannath tabernacle in September. The riots strewing to 25 more localities, in which around 512 persons lost their lives. It is alleged that handbills calling for a religious war were distributed to the rioters by the Jan Sangh and the RSS.Casualties Dead 512 Injured Inquiry Commission Justice P.Jaganmoha n Reddy Result Remarks Ahmadabad the havoc was caused by rumors, patrikas writings on b deficiencyboards and rousing newspaper reports recommen ded that the special branch of the Gujarat police requisite to be reorganized.Bhiwandi, Maharashtra Jalgaon, Maharashtra Hindus traced the disturbances to the molestation of a married Hindu woman by almost Muslim youth.. May 197017 Hindus, 59 Muslims 1 Hindu, 42 Muslims D. P. Madan Commission of Inquiry D. P. Madan Commission of Inquiry the MTM and Rashtriya Utsav Mandal shared joint responsibility for the riots report held that there was no such incident. The Commission said that police officials with the help of some Hindus invented the story at a much later stage.The Congress was not far behind in spreading communal feelings. Most Congressmen participated directly or indirectly in the riots and called the Muslims anti-national. The Hindu Dharma Rakshak Samiti was formed at this time. Its members were largely middle class Hindus. Ahmedabads textile industry, which provided largescale employment opportunities for Hindus and Muslims, was facing a crisis, and there was strong rival ry between the Hindu and Muslim workers in this industry. The relief work that followed the riots was not efficient and the general attitude towards the riot victims was unsympathetic. 1,286 Muslims and 323 Hindus were arrested after the riot The mean solar daytime the riots occurred, 8th May, all the senior perspectivers were out of town. Another immediate reason for the riot was a quarrel that took place at a pan shop at Rath Chowk between a Muslim and some Hindus.Year LocationCommunities/Organizations involved/Reasons riots stony- bust out after theannouncement of the Bhiwandi riots over All India Radio. in Nonari, the riots began on 15 November after Muslims murdered a Harijan leader a crowd of 10,000 attacked Muslim houses and shops and started looting and arson. In Sajni on 12 December, a crowd of 5000 started looting and arson after a few Muslim boys tried to molest a Hindu Brahmin girl of another village. A Hindu boy, who was beaten up by the Muslims, saved the girl rumo r was spread the that the Hindu girl was dishonour riots started when students from the Anglo-Bengali College and young men from the adjoining region of Muslim weavers clashed over the question of whether the spreading of yarn by weaver boys on a part of a playground was restricting the space for sale for students to playCasualties Dead Injured 9 Hindus, 6 Muslims Inquiry Commission D. P. Madan Commission of Inquiry Result Remarks May 1970 Mahad, Maharashtracriticized the political parties for exploiting communal feelings. in Nonari, 107 houses of Muslims were ravaged and 76 were set on fire November 1972Nonari and Sajni, Uttar Pradesh October 1977 Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Muslims were stabbed after being dragged out of a cinema hall and several injuredThe police instigated the riots by passing game to the Muslim locality and beating up the weavers. This led to a declination of the situation and further clashes winning place. In another incident the police did not make proper arrangements when a Hindu procession was crossing a Muslim locality. The police, instead of sacque at the miscreants in the stabbing incident, started firing on the Muslims.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Casualties Dead 23 Hindus, 2 Muslims Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks March 1978 Sambhal, Uttar Pradesha big trading midpoint for smugglers and bootleggers. There was trade rivalry between the Hindus and the Muslims who wanted to dispossess the Hindus oftheir property. Commerce in Aligarh revolves around the lock industry, which is owned by rich Muslims. But there is also the exploitation of the Muslim workers by these owners. Every time a riot occurs the lock owners come out as protectors of the Muslim workers and thereafter address their exploitation of the workers. The Hindu traders, who are followers of the Jan Sangh, had control over the raw materials for the lock industry. The Hindu traders also benefited from the riots as they got posses sion of a little more territory by occupying the land of the victims, which they generally leave due to fear. 19 264 were arrested Chenna Reddy, the then Chief Minster of the state, started addressing Ganesh processions, after this incident for political gains.October 1978Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh immediate reason for this particular riot was the murder of a Hindu. A procession was led demanding the punishment of the murderer but violence erupted when the procession was crossing the Muslim populated area. During the riots the ruling party office bearers used strong-arm methods to secure the release of some antisocials arrested by the police as a preventive measure. a particular group started throwing stones on a Ganesh procession consisting of 2000 people.September 1978Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons a joint Ramnavmi procession passed through an area which had a significant population of both Muslims and adivasis. The local MLA played an active role in provoking the riots.Casualties Dead 120 killed, more than half were Muslims Injured Inquiry Commission Jitendra Narain Commission of InquiryResult Remarks April 1979 Jamshedpur, Bihar concluded that the RSS, with its extensive organization in Jamshedpur and close links with the BJP and the BMS, had a hand in creating a climate propitious for the clap of these disturbances. It further said that not a single Hindu was killed by the Bihar Military Police in 22 hours of firing resorted to by the police for inhibit the riots. The population of Moradabad is evenly distributed between Hindus and Muslims. The towns brassware industry is the main source of its income. Most of the artisans in the industry are Muslims, but the traders and exporters of the finished products are Hindus. There has been a long standing rivalry between the Muslims in this area and the Valmikis, traditionalisticly sweepers. Constant clashes occur between them over land, and the straying of pigs into the Muslim locality. riots in Moradabad was followed by Biharsharif, Merrut, Baroda, Bhiwandi, Pune and Sholapur. The PAC played a communal role, and in one particular incident 15 Muslims were killed by the PAC.August 1980Moradabad, Uttar PradeshId-prayers were disrupted 1500 to and hit of people, 2000 including many young children, died in a stampede at the Idgah. The riot occurred on this particular occasion when a police constable on indebtedness refused to chase a pig when asked by Muslims in the Idgah. A act of Harijan slums and Muslim refugee camps were attacked.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons a quarrel in a toddy shop owned by a Harijan. The trouble erupted in the Gagandiwan village having a majority Muslim population. There was also traditional rivalry between the Hindus and Muslims over a piece of land which both claimed as their own. dispute over a Shiv temple and a Mazaar in two adjoining buildings in the highly sensitive Shahghasa area C asualties Dead around 80 Injured Inquiry Commission Balasubraman ian Commission set up by the Bihar GovernmentResult Remarks April 1981 Biharsharif, Bihar failure of the intelligence machinery and the District Administration misleading the higher authorities by not providing a correct assessment.The police did not take effective action to control the clash, which ended in rioting. The spread of false rumors affected the other villages in Biharsharif. The hold of the RSS and the Jammat-e-Islami in these areas further increased the violenceSeptember 1982In the elections that took place before the riots, a Muslim MLA was elected, displacing the BJP candidate. Soon after, the riots broke out over a trivial issue. Outside forces, which include the Shahi Imam of Delhis Jama Masjid and some BJP leaders joined the fray. The worst sufferers of the riots were the Ansaris, Muslim weavers.YearLocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons communal clashes occurred when the Dussera and Muha rram coincided. The liquor traders from both communities plundered and clashed with each other. The news of the transfer of the Hindu Police Commissioner due to pressure from the Muslim residential district spread like wild fire, and led to a worsening of the situation. The Hindu leaders used the opportunity to criticize the Islamic Muslims for opening an Islamic study centre in Baroda. 19 riots occurred in the urban center in a short span of 10 months. riots were sparked off by group rivalry between the Congress (I) MLA of Malur and the exCongress (I) MLACasualties Dead 17 Injured 50Inquiry CommissionResultRemarksDecember 1982Baroda, GujaratAfter the 1969 communal riots, Baroda had witnessed a deliberate boycott of Muslim shops and establishments, which led to deterioration in the economic condition of the Muslims. There was also a rise of Islamic Fundamentalism and communal activities of the RSS and BJP. The illicit liquor trade was flourishing at that time in Baroda with a lar ge make sense of shops selling local brands. Both Hindus and Muslims owned these shops. The constant ambition among these shop owners often aggravated the situation.May 1983 Malur, KarnatakaThree months before the riots a Harijan women was raped by three Muslim youths and it was the communal, rather than the criminal aspect of the problem, that received much importance. Soon, another incident of molestation of a Hindu girl by a Muslim boy took place. The RSS took full advantage of the situation, and instigated some competitory Hindus to take revenge. Soon after, trouble erupted leading to large-scale damage to Muslim property. Communal disturbances in Malur were unknown before the advent of the RSS.Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons The bursting of barmy before the Jama Masjid to celebrate the victory of the Indian Cricket team up in the World Cup led to communal riots Casualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks June 1983 Malegaon, Maharashtr a October 1983 Hazaribagh, Bihar procession led by Hindus turned slam-bang after Muslims stopped it near the Jama Masjidtrade rivalry between the Hindus and the Muslims is marked. The Muslim loom-owners sold only to Muslims, which affected the profits of Hindu traders. Cow kill is a sensitive issue, and Malegaon is the only district where 36 butchers had been convicted and imprisoned for three months for violating the Cow Slaughter Act. The situation worsened after the then Chief see, A.R.Antulay, floated the thinking of constructing a martyrs memorial to honour those who had lost their lives in the freedom struggle. The Malegaon authorities came up with names, all of which wereMuslims. The Hindus objected to this on the grounds that these people had been involved in destroying temples. This issue had been responsible for escalating the tension in 1982. There was an agitation by the Muslims at that time also for dropping a chapter from the standard eighter history textbook wher e it was stated that the Prophet Mohammad fled to Mecca caused by negligence by the local authorities while local political leaders persuaded the members of both the communities to start the Moharram procession and the Chaitra Ramnavmi procession to spread communal harmony, the actual intention of these leaders was to gain political advantage out of the situation. The Police inspite of being well certain of the situation did not take effective measuresYear Location Communities/ Organizations involved/Reasons desecration of a mosque, followed by the call for a bandh by MIM (Muslim Itthadul Muslimeen) party.Casualties Dead 45 Injured 150 Inquiry Commission Result Remarks September 1983 Hyderabad May 1984 Bhiwandi, MaharashtraA Shivaji Jayanti 146 procession led to large scale communal violence the ban on the Shivaji Jayanti procession after the 1970 riots was resented by the Shiv Sena.611 October 1984 Delhi anti-Sikh riots broke out in Delhi and most part of North India after the as sassination of the then prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards 2733, mostly Sikhs Justice Jaggannath Misra Commission of Inquiry formed in 1985. In 1999, the Justice Nanavati Commission began its investigations.Jaggannath Misra Commission recommended that the Delhi administration investigate the withdraw of the delinquent police The results of the Nanavati Inquiry Commission revealed that the police force played a vital role in instigating violence.The BJP, RSS, VHP and the MIM appeal to communal sentiments and raise communal tensions on the eve of elections and religious festivals. From 1979 to 1984 there have been constant communal clashes in the city. newspapers added further fuel to the communal violence by disclosing the identities of the victims. The Congress (I) and the TDP have formed electoral alliances with the MIM The Muslim population in Bhiwandi has increased considerably since 1970 and many of them set up their own powerloom industries, which was fin anced by Marwaris. Therefore, during the riots, the Marwari godowns were not undo in Muslim areas. The increase in the emergence of smugglers andunderworld activities also led to communal tension. The number of Pakistani nationals staying illegally in the city was around one lakh according to the unofficial figures. The pattern of these riots showed that they were organized and planned against a particular partnership and the many senior Congress leaders were alleged to have participated in the anti-Sikh riots. The main accused in these riots were H.K.L.Bhagat, Sajjan Kumar and Jagdish Tytler. All these senior Congress leaders were exonerated till the CBI on July 11, 2003 filed an appeal against a lower appeal which acquitted Sajjan Kumar.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons anti-reservation agitation Casualties Dead 300 Injured Inquiry Commission ResultRemarks April 1985 Ahmedabad city court in April 1986 say the death sentence on five Muslims aerated with the killing of 8 persons during the riots.There is large-scale poverty among the Harijans and the Muslims who primarily live in the slums of Ahmedabad. Therefore the Muslims and Harijans did notrespond to a bandh called to remonstration the reservation policy by the upper caste leaders. This eventually led to the burning down of their houses and destruction of their property.July 1986 Ahmedabad violence broke out during the historic Rath Yatra procession through the environed city areas. Disturbances started after the annual Rath Yatra of Lord Jagannath was subjected to a heavy stone throwing barrage in the sensitive Dariapur and Kalupur localitiesYear Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Casualties Dead 6, 75 Injured 40 Inquiry Commission Minority Commission headed by Shri N.C.Saxena Result Remarks April, May 1987Meerut unredeemed the police for its biased attitude in its report and stated that the Hindu communal groups aggravated the situation.October 1989Indore riots started after a Ramshila procession was stopped. After the Ramshila procession, a Muslim local leader with political ambitions took out a rally on the occasion of Milad-un Nabi, the Prophets day. The procession was passing through the streets of Indore when two explosions took place leading to confusion and then the riots broke out.7 Hindus, 20 MuslimsThe PAC had killed a number of young men and thrown their bodies into a canal during these riots. The media even played a positive role in uncovering the communal role played by the PAC in killing innocent people. In April 1995 that the Mulayam Singh Government announced that the 19 guilty policemen would be prosecuted. The lower-middle class, the middle strata of the population had participated in large numbers in these riots, while large section of the Harijans attacked localities populate by the Muslims. In some areas the rioting was between the Harijans and Muslims. The mere presence of the PAC in Muslim majority mohallas cr eated a feeling of insecurity among the Muslims, while Hindus wanted the deployment of PAC in their localities. There was a wave of communal violence that took place in Kota, Badaun, Bhagalpur, Ratlam, Mhow, Khargone, Khambat, Palanpur and several other places. result of communal politics played by the BJP, VHP and the RSS, and it is interesting that the violence occurred in Congress run states. The violence in Indore and other areas were the result of political rather than religious overtones. It was shortly after this wave of violence started that elections were announced. Local factors also played a significant role in the emergence of violence. Muslims form 10% of the totalpopulation of Indore and are largely backward, both economically and socially, but the important fact is that the Hindus and the Muslims have different political loyalties which encouraged the BJP and the Congress leaders to exploit the situation to their benefit. Several Muslim families suffered from police excesses.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots broke out on the occasion of Anant Chaturdashi when Hindus took out a procession. The procession was marked by the participation of a number of Akhadas which were a part of the VHP, RSS and the Shiv Sena. Despite warnings the administration did not make proper arrangements at the time of the procession. riots occurred during the Ram Navami processionCasualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks September 1989Kota, Rajasthan The Muslims in Kota are poor, except for the Bohra Muslims who are a business community. But a large number of Muslims from this area went to the Middle-East and became prosperous. Therefore the dependency relation between the Muslims and the Hindus was disrupted. Moreover, with the coming of theCentre of Indian Trade Unions, controlled by the CPI (M), there have been more strikes and militant trade union actions. Thus, the relations between the Hindus and the Muslims ceased to b e cordial from the late 70s itself. The Muslims suffered the most in the riots and among them the Dawoodi Bohras were the worst victimized. 4 Hindus, 13 Muslims. Bhadrak had a population of 70,000 Muslims at the time of the riots and two Muslim Congress leaders were popular in that area. The economy of Bhadrak was under the control of Marwaris and Oriya Hindus. But economically there was no competition between the Hindus and the Muslims. The Marwaris employ some Muslims and there is a long standing dispute between the employers and the workers on the revision of pay scales. During these riots the Muslims looted the Marwari shops and burnt them. The Muslims who had originally voted for the Congress in the 80s switched their loyalties to the Janata decaliter. The BJP was also trying at this time to get a strong hold in Orissa. Therefore it decided to take out Ram Navami processions in many places in the state. They took out a procession at Bhadrak too and surprisingly the police all owed it to pass through a Muslim locality.March 1989 Bhadrak, OrissaThe mobilization campaign for Kar Sevaks to construct the proposed Ram Janma Bhoomi Temple at Ayodhya on 30th October 1990 aggravated the communal atmosphere in the country. Communal riots occurred in the wake of L.K.Advanis Rath Yatra wherever it went.. These riots were led by RSS-BJP men to consolidate theHindu vote bank. They were widespread over almost all the states from Assam to West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra and D elhi. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons nearly 1400 communal incidents 120 riots Casualties Dead 224 38 Injured 775 170 Rioting, arson and looting was witnessed in Vyara and Bulsar towns of South Gujarat. The violence continued in Ahmedabad, Bapunagar, Baroda andAnkleshwar. 200 persons belonging to the minority community were detained under TADA, but among these there were no charges could be established against 178, nor any explosives or weapons recovered. receipts Inquiry Commission Result RemarksApril to December 1990 January and April 1991 October 1990 Gujarat Gujarat Ahmedabad violence began soon after 41 the Rath Yatra was started from SomnathRajasthan October 1990 October 1990 Jaipur Jodhpur, Rajasthanhate campaign organized 52 by the BJP since the Rath Yatra started from Somnath VHP, BJP and Bajrang 20 dekaliter called for a Jodhpur bandh to protest the arrest of L.K.Advani atomic number 6+Uttar PradeshFrom the morning of the bandh, BJP leaders including MLAs terrorized a section of the people by using physical force and provocative slogans, which resulted in communal violence. The administration shielded the miscreants but adopted antiMuslim postures. Curfew was imposed in 49 districtsYear Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons after the BJP chief started the Rath Yatra Casualties Dead 33 InjuredInquiry Commission Result Remarks October, 1990 Lucknow November 1990 Agra April-May 1990 Kanpursituation in the city was tense due to the Rath Yatra by L.K.Advani. The incident that led to riots was the stabbing of a scooter rider. 20 to 22 similar incidents occurred during the same time at different places. The city was a victim of communal riots thrice within a year.31 mostly Muslims army had to be deployed. But despite its presence it became difficult to bring the situation under control and the riots became a regular feature for the next two months. The VHP leaders in the town were engaged in instigating communal sentiments. The city remained disturbed for nearly two months, despite the curfew imposed. 669 arrested.Communal violence resulted from a clash between mafia dons to establish a foothold in politics by communalizing incidents that resulted in violence. The city was tensed during this time due to the Rath Yatra organized by the BJP, RSS and VHP. Therefore communal riots could break out with slight provocation. But t he riots that broke out in May were organized and planned. It started with the aggressive BJP stormtroopers taking out procession in Muslim dominated Lakkarmandi area and hurling abuses at the community. This was a followed by retaliation from few Muslims and four persons got killed. The next day disturbances began again due to a BJP meeting which was right in front of a thickly populated Muslim area. This led to communal riots and the police had no control over the mob.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons began in Chandni Chowk area when L.K. Advanis Rath Yatra was passing through Casualties Dead 100+ Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October 1990 Delhi October 1990 Hailakandi, Assam October 1990 Beawar, MaharashtraHindus demanded a government plot for the construction of a Kali Temple which for a very long time was commonly owned by all the communities and used for all public functions. The District Magistrate, Halakandi at that time was a Muslim and t he BJP exploited this factor to its own benefit. VHP and BJP gave a call for Baewar bandh to protest against the arrest of L.K.Advani30 to 40 people who were participants of the rally attacked the Deputy Imam of the Fatehpuri Masjid. As soon as the news of the attack on the Imam spread to the other parts riots broke out in Lal Kuan and Jama Masjid Chowk Communal tension began to rise as soon as VHP, RSS and BJP organized pujas to purify the bricks for Shilayas at Ayodhya. The continuous migration of people from Bangladesh also instigates violence between the two communitiesIn an effort to close Jai Mandir Cinema hall, a skirmish erupted between students and its employees. The RSS and BJP gave this dainty incident a communal angle. The administration formed peace committees to maintain communal harmony. The peace committees had representatives of various political parties and religious organization. These were the very people who instigated communal violence.Year Location Communitie s/Organizati ons involved/Reasons RamjanmabhoomiMasjid controversy Casualties Dead Hindus, 896 Muslims Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October 1989-90 Bhagalpur, BiharBhagalpur Communal Riots Inquiry Commission submitted its report after six historic period but the members was not unanimous in their findings of the riot. While two members of the commission blamed the BJP-VHP and the Muslim fundamentalists for the riots, the Chairman Commission held the Congress responsible.October 1990 November 1990 Patna Indore, Madhya Pradesh Rath Yatra organized by the BJP 18-100+ 7 Hindus, 6 Muslims 150 demand to set up an Inquiry Commission was rejected by the Chief Ministercenter for crime, and the politicization of crime. There are a large number of Muslims in and around Bhagalpur. Many Muslims are either weavers or in the powerloom business. Some Muslims are well-todo businessmen or property owners. The intelligence sources and the people were well aware of the likelihood of riots breaking out, but did not stop the Rath Yatra procession and allowed it to pass through a Muslim dominated area. There is intense rivalry between two factions of the Congress here, which is reflected through gang wars even before the riots. Gang rivalries emerged during the dispute between the Hindus and the Muslims in the celebration of their festivals. The superintendent of Police played a blatant partisan role during the riots. Along with Bhagalpur city around 206 villages were affected. 3000 powerlooms were looted and burnt. 1100 Hindus and 900 Muslims arrested 7 houses and 5 shops burnt and 8 Mosques dishonored large scale damage to property. riots here continued for 5 days in which a Mosque was washed-up and a Temple desecrated.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Casualties Dead 60 Injured Inquiry Commission Interim Report an organization called the CFD 350Result Remarks December 1990Hassan, Mandya, Madikeri and Mysore, Karnataka Hyderabad Hyderabad t he arrestof the BJP chief, L.K.Advani, in Bihar a fight between two gangs of land grabbers belonging to different communities stabbing of a hawker boyblamed a local organization, the Hindu Yuva Sakti for the events leading to the riotsAfter S.Banagarappa took over the Chief Ministership from Veerendra Patil, he formed a state level committee for bringing communal harmony BJP and RSS exploiting the Rath Yatra, Kar Seva and Ram Temple to ignite communal passions. The MIM too joined the fray. It was assumed that the killer must be Muslim, and soon 150 persons allegedly belonging to the Congress went on a stabbing spree. In this incident 20 Muslims were killed. The Majlis retaliated by killing migrant construction workers and each time a construction worker was killed, the BJP went on a procession with the body. This instigated further violence and the riots lasted for 10 days, The riots stopped after the resignation of the Chief Minister Chenna Reddy. a result of aggressive electioneer ing by the BJP since the atmosphere was already tense this small incident was only an excuse to start the riots. The city once again witnessed communal violence on the occasion of Muharram. The frequent riots in the city are a result of communal politics. Moreover, the city is very congested with Hindus and the Muslims living almost in segregation. There is a high rate of unemployment, poverty and lack of education, which exacerbates the riots.October 1990 December 1990 April-July 1991 Baroda a boy was hit by an auto rickshaw LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Rioting began on Election Day when the Hindus allegedly prevented the Muslims from suffrage In November the riots began with the Kali religious procession organized by Nav Sangh Club. Its members were divided into two groups, one of which was led by the BJP-VHP-RSS. When the procession entered a Muslim locality, slogans were shouted, and crackers were burst. Rumors spread that the idol was broken by the Musli ms.Casualties Dead 50+ Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks MayNovember 1991Benaras, UP In Benaras, a large number of Muslims are weavers and they suffered the most during the riots. The rioters were led by the PAC. Most of the Muslims are weavers though some have turned entrepreneurs and are prosperous. The present phase of riots in Benaras is also a result of the growing competition between the prosperous Muslim entrepreneurs and traditional Hindu traders. The police force in Benaras after the Ram Janmabhoomi succession was highly communalized. Between 1967 and 1991 Benaras witnessed 12 communal riots. In November 1991, Instead of the antisocial elements it was the police that looted and terrorized the Muslims. Communal riots erupted on the Election Day, because the BJP was upset that it would to lose the Meerutcity seat. The Janata Dal candidate received the Muslim and Dalit votes while the BJP got the Hindu votes. There was thus a complete polarization of votes. The violen ce soon spread to 13 more villages in the area.May 1991 Baroda, UP 4 Hindus, 24 Muslims October 1992 Sitamarhi, Bihara religious procession taken out by one community was stopped by another communityRiots after the demolition of Babri Masjid Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons A bandh was called by a Muslim organization which did not have much of a following among the Muslims. The bandh was followed by the damaging of a dyeing mill and soon the situation deteriorated into a riot. Casualties Dead Less than 200, 95% Muslim Injured Surat has a considerable population of Muslims who are mainly into the trading business, and have a close business relationship with the Hindu traders which was the reason attributed for communal harmony in Surat. The unemployment level in the city was also low. But, from the late 80s, there was growing incidents of crime as migrant workers who are not rooted in its culture have settled in the city. The hate campaign by the RSS-BJP com bine also added fuel to the situation. The Babri Masjid Action Committee and other Muslim leaders also played with the emotions of the Muslims. The atmosphere in Surat was tense and the Babri Masjid incident provided theopportunity for organizations to start the riots. The manner in which large scale looting and burnings took place revealed that the riots were pre-planned. Inquiry Commission Result Remarks December 1992 Surat Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons the repeated showing of the debris of the Babri Masjid by BBC instigated more violence a Muslim mob attacked a temple which added to the fury 1993 the Shiv Sena seemed to have been preparing for these riotsCasualties Dead 400+ and 600+ mostly due to police firing and mostly Muslims InjuredInquiry Commission Justice Srikrishna Commission Result Remarks December 1992, January 1993Bombay blamed the Shiv Sena chief, Bal Thakeray and Sena activists for the riots. It blamed them for their political role in fom enting communal frenzy and organizing attacks on Muslims. On the role of the Congress government in theState, the Commission observed that inefficient political leadership, vacillation for political reasons and conflicting orders issued to the Commissioner of Police resulted in a dilemma to shoot or not to shoot. 30,000 Muslims were displaced. On 9th December mobs of Hindu men entered Muslim homes, ransacked their belongings, often killing a family member. The main victims during these riots were the poor Muslims and also the middle-class Muslims of BHEL township of Bhopal. The state government was not able to provide the adequate security to the people and the police also played a vital role in aggravating the situation.December 1992 Bhopal 143, majority Muslims Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons A blast in the Hindu Munnani office in MadrasCasualties Dead 4 Injured Inquiry CommissionResult Remarks March 1995 Madras April, 1995 Chitradurga, Karnataka KeralaApr il 1995 a quarrel between two groups of bus agents belonging to two different communities Riots broke out between Christians and Muslims. visit by members of the National Minorities CommissionThe bomb was planted by a Muslim youth who was also responsible for place a bomb in the RSS office in August 1993 when 13 people were killed. The Munani was targeted because of a provocative speech delivered by its State President, Rama Gopalan. There was a powerful blast in Rameshwaram where a BJP activist was also stabbed to death over the years, there has been an increase in the activities of the RSS-VHP. The Muslim population in the state is quite prosperous as compared to Muslims in other states but again with an increase in the flow of Middle East money there has also been an increase in the Muslim fundamentalist activities in many parts of the state. The state has become communally sensitive after the BJP expanded its political base here. It did not have a past history of communal riots A place of worship was damaged in the riots and fishing equipment worth several lakhs destroyed The Muslims alleged that the police were a silent spectator. One of the Samajwadi Party leaders alleged that the violence was designed to punish the SP workers by the Mayawati government. Though the village Rajputs support defusing the conflict, the attitude of the villagehead was instrumental in instigating the violence.June 1995 Rankhandi, UP Hindus objected to the construction of a mosque. After the Mosque was finally constructed, a crowd collected and destroyed it1 in police firing Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons four Muslims were killed in a quarrel over a boundary wall Communal clashes occurred on the occasion of Ganapati processionCasualties Dead 5 InjuredInquiry Commission Result Remarks July 1995 Palmau, Bihar September 1995 Madras and Hyderabad 2 in Hyderaba d 100+January 1998 Kanpur an attack on the Imam of a mosque the protests following it turned to clashes between Hindus and MuslimsFebruary 1998 Ajmer, Rajasthanalleged to have been started by some communal element among the shopkeepers outside the Dargah of Ajmer Sharif local police in the State are highly communalized and the corrupt state of affairs further aids in the occurrence of communal violence In Madras stones were pelted on Muslims who were offering prayers in a Mosque. It was alleged that the Hindu Munnani leaders had a hand in the clash. The riots in Hyderabad were more serious due to a past history of communal riots in the state. The police claimed that the clashes were an outcome of the Lok Sabha elections which were to take place. Kanpur has also been communally volatile in the past and in the recent years, with the organization of rallies and processions by the BJP the number of such incidents has increased further. The city has a large population of Muslims and the riot was. There are shops owned by the majority community outside the Dargah but houses are of t heminority community, and miscreants set these shops and houses alight. A memorandum presented to the Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral alleged that the police entered the Dargah with their shoes on and lathi charged the people offering prayers and also fired in the air.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots followed the blasts that killed 60 people it was alleged that the blasts were organized by the al-Ummah and alJihad organizations, aided and abetted by the ISI Casualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission P.R.Gokulakri shna Commission of Inquiry ResultRemarks February 1998 Coimbatore a definite lapse on the part of the police personnel, deputed for surveillan e and checks, who ought to have discharged their duties more rigorously, vigilantly and intelligently.May 1998Moradabad, University Press Rioting broke out after an acid bottle was thrown on the taziah procession allegedly by BJP supporters riots started when a Muslim mob coming out of a Mosque near t he Charminar in the old city went berserk and attacked shops in the area. The trouble began after the circulation of an anonymously produced pamphlet lampooning the religious sentiments of Muslims June 1998HyderabadThe target of the attack was allegedly L.K.Advani who was to address an election meeting in the city. The police arrested some 500 people in connection with these blasts. Coimbatore had witnessed communal riots in 1997 as well and the Hindu Munnani activists were alleged to have played a key role in those riots. While L.K.Advani get away the attack, BJP got a lot of sympathy votes. Coimbatore has also been a center of Muslim fundamentalist activities and the BJP has been trying to expand its political base in the city. Around 80 people were arrested including several political leaders who tried to visit the riot affected areas. The Moradabad riots took a serious turn mainly due to the alleged intimacy of the political parties. the army was alerted and the Union Home Min istry was urged to send the Para-military force. There were different reasons given for the occurrence of the riots but all pointed the responsibility of the different political parties. An ex-mayor of the city who was accused of distributing these pamphlets surrendered, and there were five more arrests made in this connection.Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons the VHP and Bajrang Dal activists terrorized the Muslim community over some Muslim boys marrying tribal girlsCasualties Dead 2 Injured Inquiry Commission ResultRemarks July 1998 Bardoli and Sanjeli, Gujarat October 1998Nalanda and clashes erupted over the Mungher, Bihar issue of immersion of the Durga idol in the Katrapar locality in Nalanda Ahwa and the BJP and Bajrang Dal Dang districts, attacked Christian Gujarat churches Suratkul, Karnataka Manoharpur, Orissa an eve-teasing incident involving a Muslim boy and a Hindu girl Graham Staines, an Australian-born Christian Missionary was burnt alive along w ith his two children by VHP activists led by Dara SinghThe VHP consider the tribals as Hindus and held dharma sabhas in these villages. After every such event, Muslim shops were looted and burnt. The police was asked to stay away and imperil with being transferred. Marriages between Hindu girls and Muslim boys are opposed by these organizations and Christians too have come under attack in many parts of Gujarat. Some 200 copies of the Bible were burnt by the Sangh Parivar activists claiming that they were a means to convert the people. The leaders of various political parties tried to gain political fuel consumption rate out of the incident. In Munger, 27 people including three policemen were injured. Though a peace committee was constituted by the state home minister, the committee members traded charges and Christians were even accused by the members of being naxalites. The riots continued in January the following year and were encouraged by the Hindu Jagran Vedike After the Babr i Masjid attack when the VHP and Bajrang Dal could not attract the support of the masses, they started following a new strategy by attacking churches.December 1998 January 1999CM JH.Patel ordered an inquiry The Wadhwa Commissionconcluded that Dara Singh was responsible for the killings, but did not see the hand of any other communal organization.Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots broke out after two people were killed on the occasion of Mahavir Jayanti and Idul Fitr. Riots broke out again in July after an Indo-Pak cricket match Casualties Dead 1 Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks January-July 1999 Ahmedabad July 1999 Harda, MP September 1999 December 1999 Surat Auranagabad December 2000Kolhapur, Karnataka a communal mob confronted the police and the Deputy Superintendent of police was killed. violence broke out during the Ganapati festival a procession of Muslims and the Samajwadi party members to mark the seventh anniversary of the demolition of B abri Masjid was lathi- charged by the police riots broke out when some people of the minority community did not close their shops after a bandh was called by the Shiv Sena over the killing of an Army Jawan in a bomb explosion in Kashmir 29 In the second incident, there was an organized attempt to distribute crackers among the youngsters. The cricket match incident was followed by the Kargilwar, when demonstrations were held against Pakistan in which both Hindus and Muslims participated. However, in many demonstrations objectionable slogans were raised. Curfew was clamped in the area and the violence continued for a couple of days. About 90 persons were arrested in this connection. 27 government ordered a judicial enquiry The riots were a result of a dispute over the route to be taken by the procession The Shiv Sena had flooded the whole area with saffron flags just before the riots. Several journalists were injured in the police lathicharge. The police had also permitted the Shiv S ena to organize a religious ceremony just before the riots broke out. The shops which did not close were stoned by a 10,000 strong crowd. a few injured Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons after the Jama Masjid was gutted due to a short circuitCasualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks January 2001 Kishtwar, Jammu March 2001 March, 2001Nalanda, Bihar Kanpur two groups clashed on the occasion of Holi in Shambhu village the protest march taken out by the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) over the burning of a copy of the Quran turned violentThe state came under the spell of communal politics after the emergence of the Jamaat-i-Islami which began as a cultural organization. After it won 5 seats in the congregation elections, it started showing its communal colors. There are many other communal organizations that have come up now in Kashmir and terrorist activities further encourage communal violence. Over the years the BJP has also gained so me political mileage in the state. Superintendent of Police brought the situation under control The procession was fired upon by the PAC killing 12 persons, all young Muslim boys. The PAC was itself a party to the looting that followed. The SIMI has spread communal poison over the years and instigated the minds of Muslim youths through provocative posters. In spite of its controversial role the PAC is deployed as soon as a disturbance emerges. The procession was taken out to demand the arrest of people who were involved in the construction of a religious structure in a village near by.April 2001 Beawar, Rajasthana VHP-BJP procession was stoned and miscreants threw bottles of acid on itYear Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons violence erupted after the murder of a youth belonging to the minority community following an incident of eve teasing Casualties Dead InjuredInquiry Commission ResultRemarks June 2001 Chamrajnagar, Mysore Jamner, Maharashtra June 2001 July 2001 Moradabad, UP a gang of miscreants attacked the houses of the minority communityAugust 2001 August 2001 Amravani, Maharashtra Ahmedabad October 2001 Malegaon, MaharashtraShiv Sainiks attacked Muslims who were taking their oxen for slaughter hawkers belonging to the minority community were beaten up in the Maninagar area. arrest of a Muslim youth distributing pamphlets outside a Mosque 2 1 in police firing 30 10, including 4 policemen several12 persons were taken into custody after the riots. Arson and looting took place on a large scale but there was no loss of life. Many people came out into the streets carrying swords and began looting and burning property. The population of Muslims in this town happens to be quite substantial, whereas Sarpanch and the MLA both belonged to the BJP. Those involved in the looting and arson fled the town and were not arrested even several days after the incidents. no one was arrested. The police said that the motive behind the clashes could have been robbery. But, a deputation of the Jamait-ul-Ulema visited the village and refuted the police theory, because those killed were very poor and had hardly anything in their houses worth robbing. The police arrested 70 persons in this connection. Four Bajrang Dal activists were arrested for inciting violence.13, including 3 in police firing Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons the burning at Godhra, of a coach of the Sabarmati express which was coming from Ayodhya, carrying kar sevaksCasualties Dead 2000+ InjuredInquiry Commission More than 30 reports have been prepared by various committees. On March 6, 2002, inquiry committee under Justice (Rtd.) KG Shah and Justice Nanavati establishedResult Remarks February, 2002 Ahmedabad, GujaratTheir common finding has been that it was a one-sided carnage and not a riot in the usual sense.The violence continued for about a month. The administration as well as the government did nothing to control the violence and right-wing o rganizations like the VHP and Bajrang Dal got full support in spreading violence. The Modi government benefited from all this as the BJP won the Assembly elections in December, 2002.February 2002 Kaithal, Haryana linked to the Gujarat violence March 2002 March 2002Bhivani district, a mob of 300 persons Haryana were incited by rumors of cow slaughter Rajasthan violence occurred on the occasion of Muharram. The immediate reason for the violence was the organization of a yagna in a temple by the VHP, BJP and Bajrang DalMobs pulled down a Mosque and considerable damage was done to property. The police made feeble attempts to stop the mob, which later demolished the Macesoleum of Pir Nurani Badshah and extensively damaged three others. two mosques and 15 shops and houses belonging to the Muslims were attacked The population of the area comprises 25 percent Muslims and was once considered to be a stronghold of the SIMI.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots began when some Muslim organizations led by the Muslim Vikas Parishad gave the call for a bandh to protest against a Christian Baptist priest in the US describing the Prophet as a terrorist Celebrations over Indias win against Pakistan in the World Cup turned violent Casualties Dead 9 Injured 115 Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October 2002 Sholapur, MaharashtraThe protestors went in procession after prayers on Friday afternoon and threw stones at a Navratri pandal. The Hindus retaliated and riots broke out.. 500 arrested.March 2003 Gujarat 1 in Gujarat 9 several elsewhere several Similar incidents also took place in Vadodara, Gorakhpur, Gajrawadi, Kolkata and Bangalore Marad was a case of planned attack when some well armed men came and killed members of a particular community.May 2003 Marad, Kerala About the Author B Rajeshwari is a question Scholar at the Center for Political Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She is writing her MPhil dissertation titled Power, Knowle dge and Globalisation A Case Study of TRIPS. Her research interests include issues relating to Communal Violence, Governance and Development. Currently she is Research Assistant at the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies.