Risk of Lung Cancer Among Chromium Workers

Risk of Lung Cancer Among Chromium Workers2. Literature ReviewFor the pursuance of our study, we conducted an commodious books review in order to gather related data so that it may be helpful for us to understand the some(prenominal)(a) aspects of this subject. Moreover, this was done in hopes that it would provide us the certifys about the views and findings of other scientists who be divulging assiduously in this field of look for as well.2.1. Human wellness and Trace ElementsIt has been describe in various studies that metals and their compounds have enormous jolt on health of an organism. Since they are ubiquitously present in our environment, exposure to these elements is moody and it cannot be precluded. All metals are not carcinogenic and their concent proportionalityn, oxidation state, interactive effect, and the response of organismss body to its environment contri scarcee greatly to the etiology of malignant neoplastic disease. The combination of any(prenomina l) of these two factors put the organism in gamble of infection in a way that it builds oxidative stress, creates hormonal imbalance, changes the order of chemic reaction, controls the regulate of metabolism, fudges the oxidation reduction process, and influences the biochemistry of metabolites etc. For instance, there are some(prenominal) chemical substances already present in the environment that can act as an either impersonator of hormones or growth factors, or affect the rate of chemical reactions exhibited by these hormones. These actions of environmental chemicals may be responsible for disrupting the chemical process and could affect the delicate balance that controls cell division. For example, some detractor tumors depend on estrogen for their development and growth, and chemicals that impersonate the effect of estrogen may eng senesce in supporting the growth of estrogen-dependent breast tumors (111).In a study, it has been pointed out that there is an associatio n between chromium and carcinogens a high incidence of lung genus Cancer has been demonstrated as an occupational disorder among workers engaged in the chromate production process in Germany and the United States.The hazard of lung genus Cancer among chromium workers compared to an ordinary population is very high. The lung pubic louse preponderance rate 100,000 versus 578, and the relative risk from the standpoint of lung cancer deaths has reached from 3.6 to 29.1. Histopathologically, the most common land chromium related lung cancer is squamous cell carcinoma and small cell cancer (112).2.1.1. Trace Metals Implicate MalignancyIt has been recorded that nearly one in two men and more than one in three women in the United States is diagnosed with cancer at some point in his or her lifetime. Cancer is the foremost causa of death for individuals under age 85 as reported by statistical data reports in America. It is seeming(a) that the exposure to these metals remains the singl e most significant preventable cause of cancer.The development of cancer depends on combination of various factors including diet, genetics and the way an organism is exposed to a bad-tempered carcinogen. However, the type of cancer is reliant on the kind of toxicant in the environment. For instance metals such as arsenic, chromium, and motor vehicle exhaust and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are associated with bladder, lung and skin cancer. On the other hand, pesticide exposure enhances the risk of brain tumor, Wilms tumor, leukemia, and non-Hodgkins lymphoma (113). Furthermore, it has alike been reported that there are various trace elements such as zinc, molybdenum, silicon, chromium, selenium, vanadium, and tomentum that behave as instigators or the inhibitor agents of cancer. Nevertheless, it may be possible to railroad tie inferences on the basis of their concentration levels in the body of organism as diagnostic or prognostic abets for cancer patients (114). Moreover , it could be plausible that the ratio of trace elements that exists in the blood of healthy human beings gets disturbed collect to the onset of the disease, or by the exposure to toxicants, can create an nimbus that could be favorable for implicating the malignancy.2.2. Susceptibility of Cancer Contingent to Gender and periodThe most important and inevitable determining factor for susceptibleness to cancer is age. However, there is little evidence that the aging process per se increases susceptibility to cancer. To a certain extent, age provides the time necessary for the accumulation of cellular events required for the development of neoplasia (115). For example, in a study it was discussed that the GSTT1 genotype, and perhaps also the GSTM1 genotype for which a similar, but non-significant effect was seen, might be the age influencing the onset of colorectal cancer (116).In a study, cancer and death rate rates among a variety of cancer patients was investigated. In addition, the impact of particular age on the rate of occurrence of cancer was investigated. However, it was assumed that the cancer contributing factors would remain consistent over the definite period of time. It was notice that certain types of cancers, including lung cancer, had an equivalent rate of occurrence for both genders. Moreover, various types of cancer including, prostate cancer for men and breast cancer for women, present a reasonable association with the original hypothesis (117).A study was conducted at Harvard University and it was found that cancer is not inexorable at advanced age, but rather reaches a maximum cumulative probability of affliction with any cancer of about 70% for men and 53% for women in the US, and frequently smaller values for individual cancers (118).Age and gender also carry differences in susceptibility, whereas immune suppression or inadequate nutrition may also increase susceptibility of cancer (119).2.3. Chromium as an etiologic Agent for Cancer There is a large body of literature on the role of trace elements in the development of cancer that has been reviewed. by and large it is focused on the chromium exposure in relation to the risk of cancer. Over the past few decades, a number of researchers have move to estimate the proportion of cancer cases or deaths due to environmental and occupational exposures to chromium. Despite their well intentioned efforts, the net conclusion was that the cancers embark through a complicated interconnection of multiple causes. On the other hand, scientific research has also been explicated that avertable environmental and occupational exposures are fueling excess cancer cases and deaths (120-122). Cancer, in general, results from interactions between environmental exposures and genetics. Genetic factors alone may account for not more than 5% of cancers (123). Despite the fact that genetics alone does not account for most cancers, cancer is essentially a genetic disease, in terms that en vironmental agents or viruses can alter the genes regulating cell division.Several studies of the chrome-plating industry have demonstrated a positive relationship between cancer and exposure to chromium compounds (124). recount has been presented demonstrating the mutagenic capacity of a number of hexavalent chromium compounds in vitro and in vivo (125). Chromium (III) is recognized as a trace element that is essential to both humans and animals. Occupational exposure to chromium (VI)-containing compounds is known to find lung toxicity and increases the incidence of respiratory-system cancers (126-127).The National Toxicology Program has published a itemization of harmful toxicants, and carcinogens (128). The numerous listed chemicals are actually of chemical mixtures such as tobacco smoke and alcoholic beverages. Others include metals such as arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and atomic number 90 known as carcinogens, and beryllium, lead, and nickel, as probable carcinoge ns. However, it appears that some physiologic mechanisms by which the effects of pro-oxidant metals and organic toxicants are mutually abrogated at the molecular level. Our thought of the metalorganic toxicant interactions has signicantly advanced because of the recent elucidation of several intracellular stressresponse signaling pathways and the points of cross-talk among them (129).By the 1980s, considerable evidence had accumulated on cancer risks of chromium-exposed workers, which led to the identification of chromium (VI) compounds as a human carcinogen (130). The strongest evidence presented at that time was mainly